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SOME  FIGURATIVE  USAGES 


OF 


VENIRE  AND  IRE 


l* 


BY 


JAMES   RAIDER   MOOD 


a  H>i$0ertation 

SUBMITTED  TO   THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVEKSITY  STUDIES  OF  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS   UNIVERSITY 

IN  CONFORMITY  WITH  THE    REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE 

OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY. 

19O4 


BALTIMORE 

J.    H.    FURST    COMPANY 
1907 


SOME  FIGURATIVE  USAGES 


OF 


VENIRE  AND  IRE 


BY 

JAMES   RAIDER   MOOD 


SUBMITTED  TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OF  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY 

IN  CONFORMITY   WITH  THE    REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE 

OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY. 

19O4 


BALTIMORE 

J.   H.   FURST   COMPANY 
1907 


[    UNIVERSITY 


UNIV.. 

V 

N^£*L 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY vi 

INTRODUCTION 1 

I.       WITH  CASE 4 

1.  Withapreposition 4 

a.  With  ad  &  ace 4 

A.  Venire 4 

(1).  In  poetry 4 

(2).  In  prose. A 4 

6.  With  in  &  ace 6 

A.  Venire 6 

(1).  In  poetry 6 

(2).  In  prose 7 

B.  Ire 14 

(1).  In  poetry 14 

(2).  In  prose 15 

c.  With  iuxta  &  ace 16 

A.  Venire 16 

d.  With  prope  &  ace 16 

A.  Venire 16 

e.  With  adversus,  contra,  in  &  ace.  =  against 16 

1.  With  adversus 16 

A.  Venire 16 

B.  Ire 16 

2.  With  contra 16 

A.  Venire 16 

(1).  In  poetry 16 

(2).  In  prose 16 

B.  Ire 17 

(1).  In  poetry 17 

(2).  In  prose 17 

3.  Within 17 

A.  Venire 17 

B.  Ire 17 

(1).  In  poetry 17 

(2).  In  prose 17 

/.  With  eo&gen 17 

A.  Venire 17 

g.  With  hue  &  gen 18 

A.  Venire 18 

iii 


iv  Contents. 

PAGE. 

2.  Without  a  preposition 18 

A.  Venire 18 

B.  Ire 18 

II.  WITH  PREDICATE  NOMINATIVE,  OR  ACCUSATIVE 19 

a.  Nouns 19 

A.  Venire 19 

(1).  In  poetry 20 

(2).  In  prose 20 

B.  Ire 20 

(1).  In  poetry 20 

(2).  In  prose 21 

6.  Adjectives 21 

A.  Venire. 21 

(1).  In  poetry 21 

(2).  In  prose 23 

B.  Ire 24 

(1).  In  poetry 24 

(2).  In  prose 25 

c.  Adjectives  of  the  comparative  degree 25 

A.  Venire 25 

(1).  In  poetry 25 

(2).  In  prose 26 

d.  Adverbs 27 

A.  Venire 27 

(1).  In  poetry 27 

(2).  In  prose 27 

e.  Perfect  passive  participles 27 

A.  Venire 27 

(1).  In  poetry 28 

(2).  In  prose 29 

B.  Ire 30 

(1).  In  poetry 30 

(2).  In  prose 31 

/.  Present  participles 31 

A.  Venire 31 

(1).  In  poetry 31 

(2).  In  prose 31 

g.  Gerundives 31 

A.  Venire 32 

(1).  In  poetry ,.  32 

(2).  In  prose 32 

h.  Future  participles 32 

III.  WITH  INANIMATE  SUBJECTS  THEREBY  PERSONIFIED 33 

1.  Present  and  future  participles 33 

a.  Present  participles 33 


Contents.  v 

PAGE. 

A.  Venire 33 

(1).  In  poetry 33 

(2).  In  prose 33 

6.  Future  participles.     33 

A.  Venire 33 

(1).  In  poetry 33 

(2).  In  prose 36 

2.  Other  parts  Venire  and  ire 37 

A.  Venire 37 

(1).  In  poetry 37 

(2).  In  prose 38 

B.  Ire 39 

CONCLUSION 40 

LIFE...,                                                                                                            ,  49 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Lucius  Apuleius,  J.  van  der  Vliet,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1900. 

C.  lulius  Caesar,  B.  Kiibler,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1893. 

Calpurnius  Siculus,  H.  Schenkl,  Leipzig,  1885. 

M.  Porcius  Cato  (A.  C.),  H.  Keil,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1894. 

M.  Porcius  Cato  (Frg.),  H.  Jordan,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1860. 

C.  Valerius  Catullus,  Haupt-Vahlen,  Leipzig,  1885. 

M.  Tullius  Cicero,  C.  F.  W.  Miiller,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1891. 

Corpus  lurisprudentiae  Antehadrianae,  F.  P.  Bremer,  Teubner, 
Leipzig,  1891. 

Aelius  Donatus,  P.  Wessner,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1902. 

Sextus  Pompeius  Festus,  Aemil-Thewrewk  De  Ponor,  Budapest, 
1889. 

Scaenicae  Romanorum  Poesis  Fragmenta,  O.  Ribbeck,  Teubner, 
Leipzig,  1897. 

Historicorum  Romanorum  Fragmenta,  H.  Peter,  Teubner,  Leip- 
zig, 1883. 

Oratorum  Romanorum  Fragmenta,  H.  Meyer,  Paris,  1837. 

L.  Annaeus  Florus,  O.  Rossbach,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1896. 

M.  Cornelius  Fronto,  S.  A.  Naber,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1867. 

Aulus  Gellius,  C.  Hosius,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1902. 

Grammatici  Latini,  H.  Keil,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1857. 

Gromatici  Veteres,  Blume-Lachmann-Rudorff,  Berlin,  1848. 

Q.  Horatius  Flaccus,  A.  Kiessling,  Berlin,  1898. 

C.  lulius  Hyginus  (Astr.)  (Mythographi  Latini),  Aug.  Van  Sta- 
veren,  Amsterdam,  1742. 

C.  lulius  Hyginus  (Fab.),  M.  Schmidt,  Jena,  1872. 

D.  lunius  luvenalis,  L.  Friedlander,  Leipzig,  1899. 

Titus  Livius,  Weissenborn— Miiller,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1902. 
M.  Annaeus  Lucanus,  C.  Hosius,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1892. 
T.  Lucretius  Carus,  A.  Brieger,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1899. 
Aurelius  Theodosius  Macrobius,  F.  Eyssenhardt,  Teubner,  Leipzig, 
1868. 
vi 


Bibliography.  vii 

M.  Manilius,  F.  Jacob,  Berlin,  1846. 

M.  Valerius  Martialis,  L.  Friedliinder,  Leipzig,  1893. 

Cornelius  Nepos,  A.  Fleckeisen,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1893. 

Nonius  Marcellus,  L.  Miiller,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1898. 

P.  Ovidius  Naso,  A.  Riese,  Tauchnitz,  Leipzig,  1871. 

A.  Persius  Flaccus,  B.  L.  Gildersleeve,  New  York,  1875. 

Petronius  Arbiter,  F.  Biicheler,  Berlin,  1895. 

Phaedrus,  L.  Miiller,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1877. 

T.  Maccius  Plautus,  Ritschl-Loewe-Gotz-Scholl,  Teubner,  Leip- 
zig, 1884-90. 

C.  Plinius  Caecilius  Secundus  (Epist.),  C.  F.  W.  Miiller,  Teubner, 
Leipzig,  1903. 

C.  Plinius  Secundus  (N.  H.),  Jan-Mayhoff,  Teubner,  Leipzig, 
1870. 

Poetae  Latini  Minores,  Aemilius  Baehrens,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1896. 

Sextus  Propertius,  Haupt-Vahlen,  Leipzig,  1885. 

M.  Fabius  Quintilianus  (Decl.),  C.  Ritter,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1894. 

M.  Fabius  Quintilianus  (Inst.  Orat),  E.  Bonnell,  Teubner,  Leip- 
zig, 1861. 

C.  Sallustius  Crispus,  A.  Eussner,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1893. 

Scriptores  Historiae  Augustae,  H.  Peter,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1894. 

L.  Annaeus  Seneca,  Hense-Haase,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1898. 

L.  Annaeus  Seneca  (Trag.),  F.  Leo,  Berlin,  1878. 

Servius  Honoratus  (Vol.  I),  G.  Thilo,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1878. 

Servius  Honoratus  (Vol.  II,  III),  Thilo-Hagen,  Teubner,  Leip- 
zig, 1883-87. 

C.  Silius  Italicus,  L.  Bauer,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1890-92. 

P.  Papinius  Statius  (Theb.),  P.  Kohlmann,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1884. 

P.  Papinius  Statius  (Achil.),  A.  Klotz,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1902. 

P.  Papinius  Statius  (Silv.),  A.  Klotz,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1900. 

C.  Suetonius  Tranquillus,  C.  L.  Roth,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1871. 

P.  Cornelius  Tacitus,  C.  Halm,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1872. 

P.  Terentius  Afer,  C.  Dziatzko,  Tauchnitz,  Leipzig,  1884. 

Albius  Tibullus,  Haupt— Vahlen,  Leipzig,  1885. 

C.  Valerius  Flaccus,  P.  Langen,  Berlin,  1896. 

Valerius  Maximus,  C.  Kempf,  Teubner.  Leipzig,  1888. 


Vlll 


Bibliography. 


M.  Terentius  Yarro  (L.  L,),  L.  Spengel,  Berlin,  1885. 

M.  Terentius  Varro  (R.  R.),  H.  Keil,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1889. 

M.  Terentius  Varro  (S.  M.),  F.  Biicheler,  Berlin,  1882. 

P.  Velleius  Paterculus,  R.  Ellis,  Oxford,  1898. 

P.  Vergilius  Maro,  O.  Ribbeck,  Teubner,  Leipzig,  1895. 


SOME  FIGURATIVE  USAGES  OF   VENIRE 
AND   IRE. 


INTRODUCTION. 


It  is  characteristic  of  many  languages  to  express  a  large 
number  of  ideas  and  shades  of  thought  by  extending  in  various 
ways  the  sphere  and  use  of  the  verbs  of  motion.  In  the  large 
majority  of  cases  the  underlying  cause  is  the  desire  not  to  desig- 
nate a  given  action  or  state  as  such,  but  to  emphasize  the  con- 
tinuance or  the  process  of  approaching  or  attaining  it  and  vice 
versa.  The  figurative  use  is  of  great  importance  here  and  the 
figure  may  vary  from  the  utmost  clearness  and  picturesqueness 
to  the  point  at  which  it  is  practically  invisible  to  the  native 
consciousness;  from  the  stage  where  it  is  doubtful  whether  the 
verb  is  literal  or  figurative,  to  the  point  at  which  all  associations 
of  motion  whether  literal  or  figurative  (cp.  become,  befall,  evenit, 
accidit)  have  practically  been  forgotten. 

Such  expressions  may  be  found  in  all  departments,  from  the 
speech  of  ordinary  life,  to  dignified  prose  and  elevated  poetry. 

Some  are  characteristic  of  this  or  that  sphere  :  others  occur 
throughout  the  entire  language  whether  written  or  spoken.  A 
few  random  examples  from  English,  the  wealthiest  of  all  lan- 
guages in  this  department,  may  be  cited  by  way  of  illustration. 
We  may  fall  sick,  take  leave  of  our  senses,  and  afterwards  come  or 
return  to  them  again.  Meanwhile  we  go  or  even  run  mad,  crazy  or 
distracted.  A  man  goes  to  pieces  or  comes  to  grief.  One  enters 
upon  the  holy  state  of  matrimony,  approaches  fifty,  drops  out  of 
politics.  Things  come  up  and  about  and  out,  turn  up  and  out. 
They  also  come  right,  go  wrong,  fall  short,  etc. 

By  the  verbs  of  motion  an  abstract  subject  is  often  personified, 
wholly  or  in  part.  So  of  death,  life,  youth,  age,  beauty,  time,  the 
powers  and  manifestations  of  nature,  such  as  day,  night,  tJie  seasons, 

1 


2  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

the  year,  the  heavenly  bodies,  etc.,  etc.  Such  expressions  were  also 
eminently  characteristic  of  Greek,  the  language  which  exerted 
a  continuous  and  powerful  influence  upon  the  written  speech 
of  Eome  throughout  the  productive  period  of  her  literature. 
A  tendency  to  extend  the  verbs  of  motion  in  a  similar  fashion 
is  also  visible  in  the  various  Romance  languages  and  dialects, 
those  modern  repositories  of  the  unwritten  speech  of  the  Roman 
streets  and  later  of  the  provinces. 

It  would  seem  doubly  important,  therefore,  to  make  a  thorough 
examination  of  Latin  from  this  point  of  view,  as  a  matter  of 
course  directing  one's  attention  especially  to  those  cases  in  which 
the  verb  of  motion  approaches  more  or  less  closely  the  meaning 
and  usage  of  an  auxiliary.  The  tendency  of  the  Greek  to  use 
ep'xo^ai  and  other  verbs  of  motion  in  this  way  is  a  well  known 
feature  of  the  language  and  has  been  pointed  out  by  Kuhner- 
Blass,  Grieeh.  Gramm.,  II,  622,  623. 

A  similar  use  in  the  Romance  languages,  more  especially  of 
Venire  (Venir  de  parditre,  venir  trovato,  parlando,  etc.,  etc.),  is 
referred  to  for  examples  by  Meyer-Lubke,  Blanc,  and  Diez,1  and 
has  been  examined  for  early  Florentine  prose  by  Dr.  J.  E.  Shaw, 
of  this  University.2 

So  far  as  Latin  itself  is  concerned,  I  have  been  unable  to  dis- 
cover anything  beyond  a  few  scattered  references  to  the  subject.3 

Servius,  in  a  note  on  Vergil,  Geo.,  1,  29,  An  deus  immensi 
venias  maris,  says : — '  Venias  autem  aliqui  pro  sis  accipiunt,  ac 
si  Graece  diceret  ovaa  sive  V7rdp%ovcra,  ire  veteres  pro  esse 
dicebant.' 

1  Meyer-Liibke,  Grammaire,  in,  §  308,  Venire  avec  le  participe  se  recontre 
sporadiquement  en  Espagnol  et  en  Portugais,  plus  souvent  en  Italien,  et  avec 
une  abondance  tout  particuliere  dans  le  Parler  Des  Orisons,  cp.  D.  Quich,  1,  23  : 
1,  27  :  G.  de  Amorim,  Am.  Patr.  77  :  Sacch.  69 :  Lasca,  185-7.  Dans  le  Parler 
Des  Grisons  Venire  avec  le  participe  est  presque  la  seule  fa9on  de  rendre  le  passif 
latin.  Cp.  Barlaam,  256-1  ;  cp.  also  Meyer-Liibke,  op.  cit.,  m,  §§312,  316,  331  : 
Blanc,  Grammatik  d.  Ital.  Spr.,  (Halle,  1884),  513,  514:  Diez,  Grammatik,  in, 
205-6  : 201-2  : 238. 

2J.  E.  Shaw,  The  use  of  Venire  and  Andare  as  auxilliary  verbs  in  early 
Florentine  Prose.  Baltimore,  1903. 

8  Some  few  points  have  been  touched  upon  by  some  of  the  grammars,  and  these 
will  be  noted  in  the  order  of  their  occurrence. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  3 

Scaliger,  on  Tib.,  1,  2,  76.  Yigilanda  venit,  says  : — '  Pro 
vigilanda  est,  Qua  in  figura  creberrimus  Propertius/  cp.  also 
Rothstein  on  Prop.,  1,  5,  31  ;  1,  4,  10. 

The  most  important  reference,  however,  is  that  of  C.  F.  W. 
Muller  on  luv.,  vn,  29  (Friedlander),  where  he  says  : — "Die 
Gebrauch  von  Venire  in  einem  Sinne,  der  sich  mehr  oder  weniger 
dem  des  Hiilfsverbums  niihert,  ohne  die  eigentliche  Bedeutung 
vollig  zu  verlieren  (Peerlkamp,  Horat.  C.,  1,  19,  16)  hat  sich 
aus  AYendungen  entwickelt,  wie  advocatum  alicui  venire  Jordan, 
Cic.  Caec.,  9,  24,  p.  182,  Testem,  ib.,  10,  28,  iudicem  Cluent., 
27,  75,  contra  aliquem  venire,  z.  B.  Murena,  4,  9,  Plin.  N.  H., 
xxvin,  106,  odio  venire  ist  auch  nicht  =  esse  oder  fieri,  sonderu 
ihre  Annaherung  ist  widerlich. 

Bei  Dichtern  besonders  von  nahenden  Gotteru,  Ov.  Trist.,  4, 
10,  7,  Gratia  Musa  tibi.  Nam  tu  solacia  praebes,  tu  curae  requies, 
tu  medicina  venis.  Horat.  C.,  1,  19,  16  :  Verg.  Geo.,  1,  29. 
Ebenso  wird  ire  und  incedere  l  gebraucht." 

For  the  present,  I  have  been  obliged  to  limit  my  examination 
to  the  period  extending  from  Plautus  to  the  end  of  the  second 
century.  The  gap  between  that  period  and  the  emergence  of 
the  Romance  languages  will  doubtless  contain  more  abundant 
and  more  valuable  material ;  but  the  investigation  of  it  ought 
to  be  preceded  by  an  examination  of  the  ground  which  I  have 
undertaken  to  cover  in  this  study.  Opinions  may  differ  too,  as 
to  the  propriety  of  inserting  or  considering  some  other  exam- 
ples. I  hope,  however,  that  after  all  unfavorable  deductions 
have  been  made,  enough  unquestionable  cases  remain  to  justify 
the  conclusions  presented. 

1Servius  on  Verg.  Aen.,  1,  46,  says  : — "  Incedere  proprie  est  nobilium  persona- 
rum  :  hoc  est  cum  aliqua  dignitate  ambulare,  ut  regina  ad  templum  forma 
pulcherrima  Dido  incessit,  et  aut  iaculo  incedit  melior,  etc."  This  I  find  true  of 
every  case  of  incedere  which  I  have  examined.  Dr.  Muller  may  have  run  across 
some  examples  in  later  Latinity. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 


CHAPTER   I. 
I.   WITH  CASE. 

1 .    With  a  preposition. 
a.    With  ad  &  ace. 
A.    Venire. 
(1).    In  poetry. 

Ad  sanitatem  venire. 

Phaed.,  v,  7,  12,  aliquot  menses  transeunt  ad  sanitatem  dum 
venit  curatio. 

Ad  litem  venire. 

Sen.  (Baehrens  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  De  div.  form.  56-4,  res  venit 
ad  lites. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Ad  beneficium  venire. 

Sen.  De  Ben.,  vi,  25,  3,  ad  beneficium  iniuria  veniunt. 

Ad  certamen  venire. 

Sail.  B.  lug.,  13,  4,  sed  ubi  res  ad  certamen  venit. 

Ad  cicatricem  venire. 

Sen.  Epist.,  I,  2,  3,  non  venit  vulnus  ad  cicatricem. 

Ad  coniectum  venire. 

Liv.,  n,  31,  6,  ad  coniectum  teli  veniretur ;  vn,  26,  9  ;  xxn, 

15,  8. 
Ad  controversiam  venire. 

Suet.  De  Khet.,  1,  donee   sensim  haec  exoleverunt,  et   ad 
controversiam  ventum  est. 

Ad  deditionem  venire. 

Caes.  B.   H.,  36,  4,  ex  qua  civitate  legati   ad  deditionem 

venerunt ;  Liv.,  XL,  39. 
Ad  dimicationem  venire. 

Liv.,  I,  38,  4,  ubi  nusquam  ad  universae  rei  dimicationem 
ventum  est ;  n,  56,  5  ;  vi,  38,  2  ;  vm,  29,  10, 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  5 

Ad  ebrietatem  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  ix,  17,  8,  nounumquam  et  usque  ad  ebrietatem 
veniendum. 

Ad  effectum  venire. 

Liv.,  xxi,  7,  6,  postquam  ad  effectum  operis  ventum  est. 
Ad  emendationem  venire. 

Yarro,  Sent.,  31,  interfectum  est  quidquid  ad  emendationem 
venit. 

Ad  exitum  venire. 

Liv.,  v,  12,  4,  ut  nullo  bello  veniretur  ad  exitum  rei. 
Ad  extremum  venire. 

Liv.,   n,    44,   9,   partim   patientia   plebis   iam   ad  extrema 

venisse ;  m,  23,  5 ;  iv,  26,  8 ;  Tac.  Agr.,  28. 
Ad  fastigium  venire. 

Liv.,  XLIY,  1,  per  quae  populus  Romanus  ad  tantum  fastigii 

veuerit. 
Ad  finem  venire. 

Liv.,  iv,  2,  1,  Ventum  iam  ad  finem  esse ;  vin,  13,  11 ;  x, 
32,  5;  xxv,  23,  1;  Sen.  Epist.,  xiv,  111  (91),  16. 

Here  might  be  compared  finem   tandem   certaminum  facerent, 
Liv.,  in,  31,  7,  although  the  construction  here  is  active. 
Ad  immortalitatem  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  ix,  16,  4,  et  ad  immortalitatem  moriendo  venerunt. 
Ad  mentionem  venire. 

Liv.,  xxxiv,  48,  5,  praeterquam  cum  ad  mentionem  Nabidis 
ventum  esset;  XLIV,  25  ;  cp.  Iuv.,vi,  508,  nee  mentio  fiet 
damnorum. 

Ad  mortem  venire. 

Sen.  Epist.,  iv,  1  (30),  12,  Venit  aliquis  ad  mortem  iratus ; 

mortem  venientem  nemo  hilaris  excipit;  iv,  1  (30),  15. 
Ad  nihilum  venire. 

Cic.  Ad  Fam.,  xi,  12,  1,  omnia  tua  ilia  praeclara  in  rem 
publicam  merita  ad  nihilum  esse  ventura,  Liv.,  xxv, 
16,  11. 


6  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

Ad  parricidium  venire. 

Quint.  Decl.,  cccxix,  quoniam  ad  parricidium  prioris  criminis 

diffidentia  venit. 
Ad  perfectum  venire. 

Sen.  Epist.,  iv,  7  (36),  6,  ut  quam  tranquillissimus  ille  animus 

ad  perfectum  veniat. 
Ad  sapientiam  venire. 

Sen.  Epist.,  vm-xm,  88,  32,  sine  liberalibus  studiis  veniri 

ad  sapientiam  posse. 
Ad  satisfactionem  venire. 

Quint.   Decl.,  CCCLIV,  ilium  autem,  utique  volentem  hanc 

uxorem  habere,  ad  satisfactionem  venisse. 
Ad  seditionem  venire. 

Tac.  Ann.,  xiv,  42,  usque  ad  seditionem  ventum  est;  cp. 

Caes.  B.  C.,  I,  87 ;  B.  A.,  57,  seditione  facta. 
Ad  spem  venire. 

Liv.,  XLIII,  16,  adeo  tamen  ad  extremum  spei  venit  reus. 
Ad  tyrannicidium  venire. 

Quint.  Decl.,  CCCXLV,  negat  enim  hunc  iuvenem  ad  tyranni- 
cidium fuisse  venturum,  nisi  pecunia  conductus  esset. 

Ad  usum  venire. 

Plin.  N.  H.,  xv,  28  (33),  110,  multoque  celerius  talia  ad 
usum  veniunt  quam  pinguia. 

Ad  virtutem  venire. 

Sen.  Epist.,  xiv,  1  (89),  8,  ad  virtutem  venitur  per  ipsam. 

b.  With  in  &  ace. 
A.    Venire. 
(1).    In  poetry. 

In  amplexum  venire. 

Ovid,  Rem.  Am.,  668,  venit  in   amplexus  atque  ita  'vincis' 

ait. 
In  arbitrium  venire. 

Ovid,  Her.,  v,  34,  Venit  in  arbitrium  nuda  Minerva  tuum. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  7 

In  buccam  venire. 

Mart.,  xn,  24,  5,  quidquid  in  buccam  tibi  venerit,  loquaris. 
In  certamen  venire. 

Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  n,  2,  87,  Venit  in  certamen  amoris  :  Italicus 

(Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  m)  Ilias  Lat,,  576. 
In  dubium  venire. 

Ter.  Adelph.,  340,  Tua  forma   et  gnatae  vita  in    dubium 

veniet ;  Phaed.,  in,  13,  7. 
In  exemplum  venire. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  iv,  243,  Venit  in  exemplum  furor  hie. 
In  imperium  venire. 

Sen.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,iv),  Laus  Caes.,  31,  oceanus  medium 

venit  in  imperium. 
In  ius  venire. 

Plaut.  Poen.,  185,  ubi  in  ius  venit. 
In  manus  venire. 

Ovid,  Trist.,  iv,  7,  24,  in  nostras  nulla  venire  manus ;  Ex 

Pont,  in,  4,  4 ;  Sen.  Thyest,  494. 
In  morem  venire. 

Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  n,  7,  39,  iam  dolor  in  morem  venit  meus. 
In  notitiam  venire. 

Incerti  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  i),  Nux  Eleg.,  29,  Hoc  in  noti- 
tiam veniat  maloque  piroque. 
In  vacuum  venire. 

Hor.  Sat.,  n,  5,  50,  Heres  et,  si  quis  casus  puerum  egerit  Oreo, 
in  vacuum  venias. 

(2).    In  prose : 

In  adiutorium  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  in,  13,  5,  ita  non  in  adiutorium  virtutis  venit, 

sed  in  vicem. 
In  adoptationem  venire. 

Ael.  Spart.  (S.  H.  A.,  i),  Hel.  7,  5,  quique  in  adoptationem 
venerunt. 


8  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

In  advocationem  venire. 

Macrob.,  n,  4,  27,  erubuit  Caesar  venitque  in  advocationem 

ut,  etc. 
In  aestimationem  venire. 

L.  M.  Priscus  (C.  I.  A.,  n2,  356),  D  10,  4,  9,  8,  et  ideo 

Neratius  ait  utilitatem  actoris  venire  in  aestimationem. 
In  arbitrium  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  vi,  26,  3,  ille  in  alieni  percursoris  venit  arbitrium. 
In  amieitiam  venire. 

Caes.  B.  G.,  vi,  5,  4,  item  per  Treveros  venisse  Germanis  in 

amieitiam  cognoverat ;  Liv.,  VII,  30,  2 ;  vii,  30,  6  ;  xxi, 

39,  4 ;    xxm,    43,   14 ;    xxvi,    24,  4 ;    xxxiv,  57,   8  ; 

xxxvin,  9,  10;  Proculus  (C.  I.  A.,  n2,  127),  Frg.  33. 

In  assignationem  venire. 

Hyginus   (G.  V.),  De    Cond.  Agr.,  B.   114,  modus   eorum 
limitum  in  adsignationem  non  venit ;  Liber  Col.,  I  (G.V.), 
Pic.,  A  97. 
In  buccam  venire. 

Cic.  Ad  Att.,  vii,  10,  1.  Tu,  quaeso,  crebro  ad  me  scribe,  vel 
quod  in  buccam  venerit ;   xiv,  7,  2 ;  Sen.  Apoc.,  I,  2 ; 
Epist.,  xx,  1  (118),  1. 
In  casum  venire. 

Liv.,  xxn,  32,  2,  in  casum  universae  dimicationis,  quam 

omnibus  artibus  petebat  hostis,  non  veniebant. 
In  certamen  venire. 

Cic.  De  Fin.,  v,  24,  71,  Hi  in  virtutis  certamen  venerint; 

Tusc.,  v,  27,  78. 
In  clientelam  venire. 

Tac.  Dial.,  41,  quod  munificium  in  clientelam  nostram  venit. 
In  complex  um  venire. 

Cic.  Ad  Fam.,  xiv,  1,  3,  Quin  ego  diem  si  videro  et  si  in 

vestrum  complexum  venero. 
In  eomputationem  venire. 

Plin.  N.  H.,  vi,  38,  209,  universa  mensura  quae  veniet  in 
eomputationem. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  9 

In  confessum  venire. 

Plin.  Epist.  ad  Trai.,  81  (84),  8,  quae  et  in  confessum  venit 

et  exemplis  defenditur. 
In  conloquium  venire. 

Liv.,  ix,  11,  4,  quam  in  conloquium   est  ventum;  xxxin, 

12,  8. 
In  conspectiiiii  venire. 

Caes.  B.  G.,  iv,  12,  2,  quam  in  conspectum  agminis  nostri 
venissent;  iv,  37,  4;  vin,  23,  7;  vni,  27,  3;  vin, 
29,  1;  vm,  48,  8;  B.  C.,  n,  27,  3;  n,  32,  5;  m, 
8,  4;  m,  109,  5  ;  B.  Afr.,  2,  5;  Corn.  Nep.  Con.,  3,  3 ; 
Cic.  De  Fin.,  i,  7,  24;  Verr.,  I,  58,  151 ;  Ad  Fam.,  x,  23, 
5;  Liv.,  vn,  40,  1 ;  xxn,  15,  6;  xxv,  18,  6;  xxxi,  33, 
8 ;  xxxv,  27,  4  ;  Val.  Max.,  I,  7,  8 ;  n,  7,  2  ;  vin,  7,  15  ; 
Yel.  Paterc.,  n,  63,  1;  Sen.  Epist,  vn,  6  (68),  2;  Flor., 
i,  28  (2-12),  11  ;  Suet.  Tib.,  7;  Div.  lul.,  35. 
In  consuetudinem  venire. 

Caes.  B.  C.,  in,  110,  2,  qui  iam  in  consuetudinem  Alexan- 
drinae  vitae  ac  licentiae  venerant ;    B.  Alex.,  3,  2 ;  Cic. 
Caec.,  216;  De  Off.,  n,  15,  55. 
In  contemptionem  venire. 

Caes.  B.  G.,  in,  17,  5,  ut  iam  non  solum  hostibus  in  con- 
temptionem Sabinus  veniret ;  v,  49,  7. 
In  contentione'in  venire. 

Cic.  De  Off.,  n,  20,  71,  sed  si  res  in  contentionem  veniet ; 

Yerr.  i,  1,  3. 
In  controversiam  venire. 

Cic.  De  Fin.,  iv,  10,   24,  quae  in  controversiam  veniunt ; 
Quinct.,  11,  38  ;  Liv.,  xxxix,  25  ;  Quint.  Inst.  Orat.,  in, 
11,  24  ;   Decl.,  CCLII. 
In  cruciatum  venire. 

Caes.  B.  G.,  i,  31,  2,  Summum  in  cruciatum  se  ventures 

viderent. 
In  deditioiiem  venire. 

Caes.   B.   G.,  VI,   3,  2,   in    deditionem   venire ;    VI,   9,   6 ; 


10  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

vm,  31,  4;  Liv.,  n,  30,  15  ;  iv,  61,  8;  v,  32,  3;  ix,  20, 
4;  xxm,  27,  8  ;  xxxi,  40,  3 ;  xxxii,  16,  16  ;  xxxni, 
37,  4 ;  xxxvn,  2,  5  ;  xxxvm,  3,  4 ;  XL,  33  ;  XL,  33  ; 
XL,  41 ;  XL,  47  ;  XL,  53 ;  XLIII,  4 ;  Tac.  Ann.,  i,  57 ; 
n,  10  ;  xm,  39  ;  Flor.,  n,  13  (4-2),  33. 
In  desiderium  venire. 

Liv.,  in,  37,  3,  et   status   pristinus    rerum    in   desiderium 

veniant. 
In  desperationem  venire. 

Sen.  Epist.,  in,  4  (25),  2,  cum  hoc  veterano  parcius  agendum 

puto,  ne  in  desperationem  sui  veniat. 
In  dicionem  venire. 

Liv.,  x,  10,  5,  ita  Nequinum  in  dicionem  populi  Romani 
venit;    xxix,  38,  1;    xxxii,    31,   5;    xxxni,    13,   12; 
xxxni,  17,  15  ;  xxxv,  51,  10;  xxxvm,  11,  9 ;  XL,  28  ; 
XLI,  11. 
In  disceptationem  venire. 

Liv.,  xxxix,  36,  in  disceptationem  veniunt. 
In  discrimen  venire. 

Cic.  De  Off.,  n,  9,  33,  cum    res   agatur    in   discrimenque 
ventum  sit;  Yerr.,  I,  43, 110  ;  Plane.,  22,  54;  Frontinus, 
ii  (G.V.),  De  Cond.  Agr.,  163,  1. 
In  disputationem  venire. 

Sen.  De  Ben.,  n,  21,  1,  illud  magis  venire  in  disputationem 

potest. 
In  disquisitionem  venire. 

Liv.,  vm,  23,  14,  in  disquisitionem  venit ;  xxvi,  31,  2. 
In  dubium  venire. 

Cic.  Quinct.,  2,  5,  quo  mihi  veniat  in   dubium  tua  fides  et 
constantia ;  21,  67  ;  Ad  Att.,  xi,  15,  2  ;  Hyg.  Poet.  Astr., 
IV,  10  ;  Liv.,  in,  13,  7  ;  Sen.  Dial.,  v,  25,  3  ;  Quint.  Inst. 
Oral,  vn,  2,  2  ;  Decl.,  ccxcvii. 
In  faciem  venire. 

Tac.  Ann.,  xm,  38,  dum  positis  loricis  et  galeis  in  faciem 
pacis  venirentur. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  H 

In  familiaritatem  venire. 

Cic.  Verr.,  11,  70,  169,  in  earn  iam  venerat  [familiaritatem] 
consuetudinem  [que]  in  vendendus ;  Ad  Fam.,  vn,  15,  2. 

Infidem  venire. 

Caes.  B.,  Alex.  23,  2,  quo  si  auctore  in  Caesaris  fidem  amiciti- 
amque  venturi  essent ;  Liv.,  vin,  2.  13  ;  vui,  25,  3  ;  vm, 
26,  7  ;  vin,  27,  2 ;  x,  43,  8 ;  xxxn,  2,  5  ;  xxxvn,  32, 
9 ;  XLIII,  22 ;  Sen.  Dial.,  ix,  4,  1 ;  Plin.  N.  H.,  in,  13 
(18),  110  ;  Pan.,  32,  1 ;  Flor.,  I,  16,  21. 
Informant  venire. 

Liv.,  n,  48,  5,  res  proxime  [in]  formam  latrocinii  venerat. 
In  iniuriam  venire. 

Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.,  vi,  32,  8,  quae  quatiunt,  et  in  iniuriam 
nostram  non  sine  sua  veniant. 

In  invidiam  venire. 

Cic.  Cluent.,  47,  130,  in  invidiam  porro  magnam  ilia  iudicia 

venerant;  Varro,  S.  M.  Bimarcus,  vni  (19,  25). 
In  irritum  venire. 

Flav.  Vop.  (S.  H.  A.,  n),  Aurel.,  47,  4,  ne  meae  disposi- 

tiones  in  irritum  veniant. 
In  ius  venire. 

Liv.,  iv,  9,  6,  Yen  turn  in  ius  est ;  xxxm,  40,  6. 
In  lucem  venire. 

Suet.  Frg.,  x,  ita  suppressit  ut  ne  unquam  in  lucem  venire 

posset. 
In  luerum  venire. 

Sen.  De  Ben.,  vn,  27,  2,  hie  non  contentus  angusto  itinere 

ipsa,  quibus  arcetur,  evertit  et  in  luerum  ruina  venit. 
In  manum  venire. 

Cic.  Ad  Att,  vn,  17,  2,  quae  in  omnium  manus  venturae 

essent;  Sail.  B.  lug.,  101,  4;  Liv.,  I,  39,  6  ;  Plin.  Pan., 

17,  3;  Tac.  Dial.,  37;  Front.  Epist,  ad  Caes.,  11,   10; 

Flor.,  i,  18  (n-2),  23  ;  I,  22  (n-6),  10 ;  Gell.,  n,  23,  7. 

In  mensuram  venire. 

Liber  Col.,  I  (G.  V.)    Mens.  Term.,  A  110,  alia  loca  sunt 
sub  secina,  quae  in  mensuram  non  venerunt. 


12  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

In  morem  venire. 

Liv.,  XLII,  21,  quod  iam  in  morem  venerat. 
In  necessitatem  venire. 

Liv.  vii,   30,    11,    ante   omnes   ipsi   in    hanc   necessitatem 

venerunt. 
In  numerum  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  ix,  3,  5,  in  numerum  stipendiorum  veniunt. 
In  obligationem  venire. 

Proc.,  (C.  I.  A.,  ii2,  152),  D  45,  1,  21,  sine  dubio  centum 

quidem  in  obligationem  venire. 
In  oblivionem  venire. 

Liv.,  X,  23,   10,  postremo  in  oblivionem  venit ;  xxm,  35, 

9  ;  Sen.  Dial.,  iv,  5,  3  ;  Plin.  Pan.,  87,  4. 
In  odium  venire. 

Cic.  De  Eep.,   I,  40,  62,   superbia    Tarquinii    nomen    hinc 
populo  in   odium    venisse    regiurn ;    Ad.   Att.,   x,   8,    6 ; 
Flav.  Vop.  (S.  H.  A.,  n),  Aurel.,  36,  3. 
In  opinionem  venire. 

Corn.  Nep.  Milt.,  7,  3,  utrisque  venit  in  opinionem  signum  a 

classiariis  regiis  datum  ;  Cic.  Ad  Fam.,  viu,  10,  2. 
Inpartem  venire. 

Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.,  I,  16,  7,  oculi  quoque  in  partem  libidinis 

veniant. 
In  perieulum  venire. 

Caes.    B.   C.,    I,    17,    2,    quod    nisi   fecerit,    si   cohortesque 
amplius    xxx    magnumque   numerum    senatorum    atque 
equitum  Romanorum  in  perieulum  esse  ventururn. 
In  possessianem  venire. 

Cic.  De  Leg.  Agr.,  in,  3,  11,  si  precario  venit  in  posses- 
sionem;    Ad  Att.,   IV,  2,  3;    Liv.,  xxxv,  12,  2;    Sen. 
Dial.,  I,  3,  11 ;    Quint.  Decl.,  cccxxxvi ;    Labeo  (C.   I. 
A.,  n,  117),  Frg.,  124. 
In  potestatem  venire. 

Caes.  B.  G.,  n,   13,  2,   sese  in   eius   fidem    ac    potestatem 
venire ;   viu,  44,  4 ;    B.  C.,  n,  22,  1  ;   n,  32,  4 ;  n,  32, 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  13 

9;  B.  Afr.,  52,  4;  B.  Al.,  64,  2;  Fig.,  18;  Corn. 
Nepos.  Alcib.,  5,  5;  Datam.,  3,4;  Eum.,  11,  4;  Cic. 
Verr.,  I,  57,  150 ;  Phil.,  xi,  9,  21 ;  Ad  Att,  ix,  7  c,  2 ; 
Hyg.  Fab.,  27  ;  Liv.,  V,  25,  7  ;  vm,  20,  6  ;  vm,  25,  4; 
ix,  38,  1 ;  xxn,  59,  2  ;  xxn,  59,  9  ;  xxv,  15,  1 ;  xxvi, 
34,  3  ;  xxvi,  38,  13  ;  xxvi,  49,  8  ;  xxvn,  27,  8  ;  xxx, 
15,  5  ;  xxx,  44, 12 ;  xxxi,  18,  8 ;  xxxn,  18,  9  ;  xxxin, 
11,  1 ;  xxxv,  16,  8;  xxxvi,  11,  11;  xxxvii,  30,  7; 
xxxix,  20;  XL,  4;  XL,  49;  XLV,  41;  Sen.  Epist.  (vin- 
xm),  74,  1 ;  Flor.,  n,  19  (iv-vm),  4;  Fronto,  Epist.  Ad. 
Caes.,  11,  10.1 
In  professionem  venire. 

Quint.  Decl.,  CCCXLI,  ea  res,  de  qua  iudicatis,  in  professionem 

non  venit. 
In  proverbium  venire. 

Liv.,  XL,  46,  Vulgatum  illud,  quia  verum  erat,  in  proverbium 

venit ;  Plin.  N.  H.,  xxix,  5  (32),  102. 
In  quaestionem  venire. 

Quint.  Inst.  Orat.,  vn,  2,  14,    si  tan  turn   subita  mors  in 
quaestionem  venit;  Tertius  (G.  I.  A.,  n,  9),  Macrob.  3, 
11,  5. 
In  rationem  venire. 

Petron.  Cena  Trim.,  53,  et  ideo  in  rationem  nondum  venerunt ; 

Suet.  Nero,  39. 
In  religionem  venire. 

Liv.,  xxn,  33,  7,  in  religionem  etiam  venit. 
In  segetem  venire. 

Sen.   Epist.,  xx,  4   (121),  15,  nam  et  ilia  herba,  quae  in 

segetem  frugemque  ventura  est. 
In  servitutem  venire. 

Liv.,  XLII,  21,  cuius  dolo  malo  is  in  servitutem  venisset ; 
XLIII,  8. 

1  Here  Venire  in  potestatem  is  active  and  means  to  become  powerful,  whereas  in 
the  other  instances  it  means,  to  come  into  the  power  of,  be  taken. 


14  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

In  simulationem  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  ix,  15,  6,  in  simulationem  etiam  res  simplicissima, 

dolor,  veniat. 
In  societatem  venire. 

Cic.  Ad  Fam.,  ix,  14,  4,  meque  aliqua  ex  parte  in  societatem 
tuarum  laudum  venire  patiare  ;  Pro  Lig.  8,  25 ;  Varro, 
L.  L.,  vi,  68. 
In  sollicitudinem  venire. 

Caes.  B.   C.,  in,   31,   4,   summamque  in  sollicitudinem  ac 

timorem  Parthici  belli  provincia  cum  venisset. 
In  spem  venire. 

Caes.  B.  G.,  I,  18,  9,  summamque  in  spem  per  Helvetios 
regni  obtinendi  venire;  I,  42,  3;  in,  6,  2;  vn,  12,  5  ; 
Vii,  30,  4 ;  B.  C.,  i,  72,  1 ;  Frag.  1 9  ;  Cic.  Ad  Fam., 
XI,  13  (a),  1 ;  Ad  Att.,  ix,  13  A,  2 ;  Liv.,  n,  44,  7  ; 
XL,  12  ;  XLI,  25 ;  Suet.  Div.Yesp.  5. 
In  suspicionem  venire. 

Caes.  B.  G.,  VI,  19,  3,  De  morte  si  res  in  suspicionem  venit ; 
Corn.  Nep.   Paus.  4,  1  ;  Cic.  Phil.,  I,  6,  15  ;  Val.  Max., 
vm,  4,  2;  Sen.  Frag.  80;  Suet.  Div.  lul.,  9;  Tib.  12; 
Proculus  (C.  I.  A.,  n2,  137)  D,  12,  4,  15. 
In  unum  venire. 

Sen.   Dial.,  I,   5,   7,   et  quamvis  magna  videatur  varietate 

singulorum  vita  distingui,  summa  in  unum  venit, 
In  usum  venire. 

Varro,   L.    L.,   ix,   68,   neque    eorum    singularia    in    usum 
venerunt;    ix,    69;    Plin.    N.  H.,   xxiv,    11    (54),   91; 
Fenest,  Frg.  25  (Peter). 
In  vacuum  venire. 

Sen.   Epist.,   xx,   5   (122),    6,   ilia   ebrietas  iuvat,  quae  in 
vacuum  venit. 

B.    Ire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  15 

In  complexus  ire. 

Stat.  Silv.,  i,  1,  97,  iuxta  Ibit  in  complexus  natus  fraterque 

paterque  et  soror. 
In  lacrimas  ire. 

Stat.  Theb.,  xi,  193,  ibant  in  lacrimas;  Carm.  Verg.  (Baeh- 

rens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  De  Eccl.,  79. 
In  laudes  Ire. 

Stat.  Theb.,  vi,  436,  it  furor  in  laudes. 
In  Martem  ire. 

Sil.  Ital.,  iv,  228,  ibant  in  Martem  terrae  dominantis  alumni ; 

vi,  445. 
In  risum  ire. 

Avianus  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  v),  Fab.,  xiv,  10,  ipsum  etiam 
in  risum  compulit  ire  lovem. 

(2).    In  prose. 

In  diplum  ire. 

Cic.  Pro.  Flac.,  21,  49,  si  iudicatum  negaret  in  diplum  iret. 
In  exemplum  ire. 

Tac.  Ann.,  in,  50,  neque  interfectus  in  exemplum  ibit. 
In  humorem  ire. 

Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.,  in,  29,  6,  incipiet  ergo  putrescere,  dehinc 

laxata  ire  in  humorem. 
In  oblivionem  ire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  x,  13,  7,  Satius  erat  ista  in  oblivionem  ire. 
In  possessionem  ire. 

Labeo  (C.  I.  A.,  n,  117),  Frag.  124,  an  vero  ex  quo  praeter 

decrevit,  ut  eatur  in  possessionem. 
In  sententiam  ire. 

Cic.  Phil.,  xi,  6,  15,  in  earn  (sententiam)  se  iturum ;  Liv., 
i,  32,  12;  v,  9,  2;  xxxiv,  43,  3;  XLII,  3;  Gell.,  in, 
18,  1. 
In  somnum  ire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  I,  5,  9,  languida  ingenia  et  in  somnum  itura. 


16  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

G.  With  iuxta  &  ace. 
A.  Venire. 

Iuxta  seditionem  venire. 

Tac.  Ann.,  vi,  13,  isdem  constilibus  gravitate  annonae  iuxta 
seditionem  ventum. 

d.  With  prope  &  ace. 

A.  Venire. 

Prope  secessionem  venire. 

Liv.,  vi,  42,  10,  quia   patricii  se  auctores  futures  negebunt 
prope  secessionem  plebis  res  terribilesque  alias  minas  ci- 
vilium  certaminum  venit. 
Prope  seditionem  venire. 

Liv.,  xxvi,  48,  8,  ea  contentio  cum  prope  seditionem  veniret ; 
Tac.  Hist.,  in,  21. 

e.  With  adversus,  contra,  in  &  ace.  =  against. 

1.  With  adversus. 

A.  Venire. 

Liv.,  XLIII,  22,  adversus  quos  venerat. 

B.  Ire. 

Liv.,  xxxvn,  13,  8,  postquam  nemo  adversus  ibat. 

2.  With  contra. 
A.    Venire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 

Stat.  Theb.,  x,  354,  en  reduces  contra  venit  aspera  mater. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Cic.  Verr.,  n,  43,  107,  si  de  litteris  coruptis  contra  venit ; 
Pro.  Mur.,  4,  9,  ilium  ipsum  quern  contra  veueris;  Tusc., 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  mid  It&*^        17 


I,  31,  77  ;  Pro.  Rose.  Com.,  6,  18 ;  Phil.,  vm,  6, 18 ;  Sail. 
B.  lug.,  25,  6 ;  Trebell.  Poll.  (S.  H.  A.,  n),  Gall.  Duo.,  2,  3. 

B.    Ire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 

Verg.  Aen.,  xi,  438,  ibo  animis  contra ;  xi,  504,  solaque 
Tyrrhenes  equites  ire  obvia  contra;  Stat.  Theb.,  n,  21, 
m,  307;  ix,  16;  x,  460;  xn,  360;  Sil.  ItaL,  n,  362; 
x,  51 ;  C.  Lucil.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  vi),  Sat.  xxvi, 
447;  Carm.Verg.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  Ale.  21. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Sail.  B.  lug.  31,  6,  uti  contra  iniurias  Armati  eatis. 
(3).  With  in. 

A.  Venire. 

Incerti  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  v),  Orest.  630,  Donee  in  infaraes 
iugulos  vindicta  veniret. 

B.  Ire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  v,  176,  in  apros  audet  et  hirsutas  comminus  ire 
feras ;  Val.  Flac.,  vn,  470. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Liv.,  n,  6,  8,  Sensit  in  se  iri  Brutus. 
/.  With  eo  and  gen.1 
A.  Venire. 


lCp.  Stolz-Schmalz,  LaL  Gramm.,  §  62  ad  fin.  Eo  and  gen.  (as  hue  and  gen, 
cp.  below)  expresses  degree;  cp.  Tac.  Hist.,  i,  16,  eoque  discordiae  ventum  — 
come  to  such  a  degree  of  discord,  become  so  discordant.  This  is  a  favorite  figure  with 
Tacitus.  For  a  parallel  usage  in  Greek  with  verbs  of  motion  and  tip.1,  cp.  Soph. 
O.  T. ,  770,  &  TOffovrov  4\iriSd)v  tfjiov  /SejSwros  ;  836,  TO<TOVTOV  y  tcrri/AOi  TTJS  {\7rl8os. 
Cp.  also  Ar.  Nub.,  832  ;  Soph.  O.  C.,  748  ;  Aesch.  Cho.,  996  ;  Eurip.  Hipp.,  937  ; 
Phoen.,  425  ;  Herod.,  vii,  38  ;  cp.  R.  C.  Jebb  on  Soph.  O.  T.,  771 ;  Lys.,  xn,  93. 


18  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

Eo  demeniiae  venire. 

Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.,  iv,  9  (Praef.),  eo  enim  iam  dementiae 

venimtis,  ut. 
Eo  discordiae  venire. 

Tac.  Hist.,  i,  16,  eoque  discordiae  ventum. 
Eo  miseriae  venire. 

Sail.  B.  lug.  14,  3,  quoniam  eo  miseriarum  venturus  eram. 
Eo  necessitatis  venire. 

Tac.  Hist.,  i,  16,  nunc  eo  necessitatis  iam  pridem  ventum  est. 

g.    With  hue  and  gen. 

A.    Venire. 

Tac.  Ann.,  vi,  24,  hue  confidentiae  venisse,  ut. 

(2.)   Without  a  preposition. 

A.  Venire. 
Exemplo  venire. 

Liv.,  XLII,  8,  pessimo  exemplo  venisse. 
Odio  venire. 

Plin.  N.  H.,  xxvm,  8  (27),  106,  rursus  tali  sinistri  cinere 

decocto  cum  sanguine  mustellae  perunctos  omnibus  odio 

venire,  idem  fieri  oculo  decocto. 
Usu  venire. 

Caes.   B.   G.,  vn,  9,  1,  quod  haec  de  Vercingetorige  usu 

ventura  opinione  praeceperat ;  B.  Afr.,  57,  3  ;  Corn.  Nep. 

Alcib.,  4,  5;   Agesil.,  8,  2;    Hann.,  12,  3;    Att.,  16,  4; 

Cic.  De  Fin.,  i,  3,  8;  v,  2,  4;  Verr.,  n,  5,  14;  m,  46, 

110 ;  v,  39,  101 ;  Pro.  Tull.,  4,  9  ;  Pro.  Cluent.,  20,  53  ; 

De  Leg.,  n,  22,  57 ;   Tusc.,  i,  30,  73  ;  De  Nat.  Deo.,  i, 

21,  59  ;   De  Off.,  m,  3,  15 ;   De  Sen.,  3,  7  ;  Pro.  Rose. 

Am.,  15,  42;    Pro.  Eosc.  Com.,  11,  30;    Acad.,  11,  11, 

35 ;  n,  18,  56  ;  Ad  Fam.,  in,  8,  6  ;  Ad  Att.,  vn,  26,  1  ; 

ix,  18,  1 ;    Liv.,  VI,  20,    2  ;    Petron.  Cena  Trim.,  61  ; 

Cato.  Orat.  Eel.,  LXXIV  ;  Frg.,  83  (Peter) ;  Frg.,  167 

(Meyer) ;   Apul.  Met.,  I,  20  ;    Apol.,  16  ;  Gell.,  ix,  1,  2 ; 

x,  12,  3  ;  xi,  13,  6  ;  xn,  1,  23  ;   xiv,  1,  15  ;  Eel.,  vin. 

B.  Ire. 

Ovid  Trist.,  v,  in,  27,  Si  fas  est  exemplis  ire  decorum. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  19 

CHAPTER  II. 

II.     WlTH   PREDICATE   NOMINATIVE   OR  ACCUSATIVE. 

a.   Nouns. 
A.    Venire. 
(1).    In  Poetry. 

Adsertorein  venire. 

Mart.,  i,  52,  5,  si  de  servitio  gravi  queruntur,  adsertor  venias 

satisque  praestes. 
Advocatum  venire. 

Cic.  Pro.  Gael.,  4, 10,  illi  ne  advocatus  quidem  venit,  umquam. 
cp.  Plaut.  Amph.,  1037,  quaeso  et  advocatus  ni  adsis  neve 
abeas ;  Cic.  De  Off.,  i,  10,  32 ;  Ad  Quint,  Frt.,  n,  3,  1. 
Amieam  venire. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  vi,  510,  non  venit  haec  nostris  hospes  arnica 

choris. 
Auctorem  venire. 

Sen.  Phoen.,  349,  auctorque  placidae  liberis  pacis  veni. 
Causam  venire. 

Ovid,  Rem.  Am.,  322,  haec  odio  venit  maxima  causa  meo ; 
Med.  Form.  48  ;  cf.  Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  I,  2,  69,  sed  te  bona 
(causa)  net  agente  ;  Mart.,  vin,  45,  8,  Luxuriae  net  tarn 
bona  causa  meae. 
Comitem  venire. 

Ovid,  Her.,  iv,  103,  ipsa  comes  veniam  ;   Her.,  xin,  161 ; 

Met.,  xi,  705  ;  Fast,,  v,  50. 

Note.    The  common  phrase  here  is  comitem  ire,  cp.  below. 
Coni-ivam  venire. 

Sen.    Thyest.,    63,    non    novi   sceleris    tibi  conviva   venies. 

Mart.,  vni,  67,  2. 
Deum  venire. 

Verg.  Geo.,  I,  29,  An  deus  immensi  venias  maris.     Cp.  Miil- 
ler's  note  on  luv.,  vn,  29  (Friedlander).    Deum  fieri  is 


20  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

also  found.  Cp.  Verg.  Aen.,  ix,  185,  an  sua  cuique  deus 
fit  dira  cupido ;  Ovid,  Fast.,  in,  677  ;  v,  620  ;  also  Plaut. 
Amph.,  864,  Qui  interdum  fio  luppiter,  quando  lubet ; 
luv.,  V,  138,  dominus  tamen  et  domini  rex  si  vis  tu  fieri. 

Medidnam  venire. 

Ovid,  Trist.,  iv,  10,  118,  tu  medicina  venis. 

Partieipem  venire. 

Sen.  Here.  Fur.,  369,  particeps  regno  veni,  cf.  Plaut.  True., 
748,  non  licet  obsoni  participem  fieri. 

Proditorem  venire. 

Ovid.,  Am.,  n,  8,  26,  quod  si  stulta  negas,  iudex  ante  acta 
fatebor  et  veniam  culpae  proditor  ipse  meae. 

Supplicem  venire. 

Ovid.,  Met.,  v,  514,  "pro"  que  "meo  veni  supplex  tibi, 
luppiter "  inqtiit ;  Verg.  Aen.,  vin,  382,  cp.  Plaut. 
Pseud.,  1318,  uti  tibi  fierem  supplex. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Adiutorem  venire. 

Cic.  De.  Nat.  Deo.,  I,  7,  17,  repetam  vero,  quamquam  non 
mihi,  sed  tibi  hie  venit  adiutor,  cp.  Miiller's  note  on  luv., 
vn,  29  (Friedlander) ;  H.  L.  Wilson  on  luv.,  vii,  29. 

Delatorem  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  iv,  7,  3,  alius  delator  venit  eius  criminis,  cuius 
manifestior  reus  est. 

Victorem  venire. 

Tac.  Hist.,  iv,  34,  simul  vastatione  incendiisque  flagrantium 
villarum  venire  victorem  exercitum  intellegebatur. 

Vitium  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  vn,  13,  3,  quae  statim  venerunt  vitia. 

B.    Ire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 


n     \ 


\j  \v  i  v 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  21 

Advocatum  ire. 

Plaut.  Epid.,  422.    Res  magna  amici  apud  forum  agatur,  ei 

volo  ire  advocatus. 
Comitem  ire. 

Tib.,  i,  4,  41,  neu  comes  ire  neges,  quamvis  via  longa  pare- 
tur  ;  Prop.,  V,  5,  46  ;  Verg.  Aen.,  n,  704  ;  Sen.  Oed.,  720  ; 
Val.  Flac.,  vii,  202  ;  Stat.  Theb.,  iv,  59  ;  Achil.,  I,  539  ; 
Sil.  Ital.,  x,  135;  Carm.  Verg.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv), 
Ovid,  Epig,.  87  ;  Pervig.  Yen.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv), 
29;  Liv.  Drac.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  v),  Med.,  162;  In- 
certi  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  v),  Orest.,  609. 
Ducem  ire. 

Yal.  Flac.,  vi,  15,  legatos  placet  ire  duces. 
Pabulum  ire. 

Stat.  Theb.,  ix,  300,  Ibitus  aequoreis  crudelia  pabula  monstris. 
Praedam  ire. 

Stat.  Theb.,  i^  516,  pelagi  ibit  Praeda  feris. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Ultorem  ire. 

Tac.  Hist.,  i,  65,  irent  ul  tores,  exciderent  sedem  Gallici  belli. 

b.    Adjectives. 
A.    Venire. 
(1).    In  poetry. 

Aequum  venire. 

Ovid,  Her.,  n,  62,  quaecumque  e  merito  spes  yenit,  aequa  venit. 
Aptum  venire. 

Incerti  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  Aliter,  6,  nam  quae  con- 
spicinms   montani  roboris  ossa,  Humanis   veniunt  usibus 
apta  satis. 
Castum  venire. 

Sen.  Phaed.,  1241,  casti  venimus. 
Cerium  venire. 

Ovid,  A.  A.,  in,  478,  fac  timeat  speretque  simul,  quotiensque 
remittes,  Spesque  magis  veniat  certa  minorque  metus. 


22  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

Cupidum  venire. 

Stat.  Theb.,  xi,  686,  veniat  cupidus  parere  satelles. 

Dignum  venire. 

Ovid,  Ex.  Pont.,  n,  2,  90,  quamqua  decreta  merenti  venit 
honoratis  laurea  digna  comis  ;  luv.,  VII,  29.    Dignum  fieri 
is  also  found,  cp.  Mart.,  n,  66,  8,  ut  digna  speculo  fiat 
imago  tuo. 
Gratum  venire. 

Ovid,  A.  A.,  I,  750,  haec  quoque  ab  alterius  grata  dolore 

venit;  in,  752. 
Ignotum  venire. 

Ovid,  Trist.,  I,  1,  60,  nee  te,  quod  venias  magnam  pere- 
grinus  in  urbem,  ignotum  populo  posse  venire  puta. 

Ingratum  venire. 

Prop.,  in,  34,    81,    non   tamen   haec   ulli    venient   ingrata 

legenti. 
Innocuum  venire. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  n,  623,  innocui  veniant. 
Iratum  venire. 

Stat.  Theb.,  n,  449,  Iratus,  germane,  venis. 
Laseivum  venire. 

Mart.,  vin,  78,  9,  nunc  veniunt  subitis  lasciva  nomismata 

nimbis. 
Lassum  venire. 

Plaut.  Pseud.,  661,  nam  ut  lassus  veni  de  via,  me  volo  curare. 
Longum  venire. 

Prop.,  in,  15,  24,  nox  tibi  longa  venit,  nee  reditura  dies;  Stat. 
Theb.,  n,  321 ;  German.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  i),  Aratea, 
630. 
Mortiferum   venire. 

Sen.  Med.,  688,  et  quaesit  quibus  mortifera  veniat. 
Pacatum  venire. 

Stat.  Silv.,  in,  1,  39,  pacatus  mitisque  veni  nee  turbidus  ira. 
Serum  venire. 

Mart.,  I,  25,  8,  cineri  gloria  sera  venit. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  23 


venre. 
Lygd.  Eleg.,  m,  6,  32,  venit  post  multos  una  serena  dies. 

Tardum  venire. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  in,  350,  tarda  venit  dictis  difficilisque  fides; 

Mart.,  v,  48,  8. 
Tidum  venire. 

Ovid,  Am.,  n,  2,  56,  iudicis   ilia  sui  tuta  favore  venit. 

UUimum  venire. 

Mart.,  xi,  91,  2,  ultima  cui  parvae  septima  venit  hiems. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Infestum  venire. 

Quint.  Inst.  Orat.,  v,  11,  22,  sic  eius  modi  indices  infesti 

turn  reo  venerant. 
Improvidum  venire. 

Liv.,  xxvi,  39,  7,  velis  turn  forte  improvidus  futuri  cer- 

taminis  Romanus  veniebat. 
Iratum  venire. 

Cic.  Ad  Att.,  ix,  9,  2,  at  quam  veniet  iratus  ;  In  Vat.  2,  4  ; 

Verr.,  v,  45,  120. 
Leve  venire. 

Liv.,  in,  56,  7,  etsi  seras  non  leves  tamen  venire  poenas. 
Longum  venire. 

Liv.,  in,  2,  10,  longam  venire  noctem  ratus. 
Minax  venire. 

Sen.  Nat.  Quaest,  vi,  32,  3,  quam  minax  veniat  quantumque 

sit. 
Novum  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  I,  4,  6,  quicquid  illis  incident,  novum  veniet. 
Ornatum  venire. 

Cic.  Pro  Sull.,  18,  50,  tu  ornatus  exuviis  huius  venis  ad 

eum  lacerandum. 
Paratum  venire. 

Cic.   Pro   Lig.,  1,  1,  Paratus  enim  veneram,  .  .  .  ut;  In 
Caecil.,  13,  43  ;  15,  47  ;  15,  50  ;  Verr.,  3,  7;  40,  103  ;  n, 


24  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

6,  17;  ii,  15,  37;  n,  37,  91;  Pro  Quinct.,  11,  39;  De 
Nat.   Deo.,  ra,   1,  2;    Phil.,  n,  35,   88;   Plin.  N.   H., 
xvn,  18  (30),  135. 
Praeparatum  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  v,  37,  3,  fortis  est  animus  ad  quae  praeparatus 

venit. 
Primum  venire. 

Cic.  Ad  Fam.,  in,  6,  1,  ut  in  succendo  primum  venirem. 
Siccum  venire. 

Plin.  N.  H.,  n,  51  (52),  137,  quae  sicca  veniunt  non  adurunt 
sed  dissipant. 

B.   Ire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 

Candidum  ire. 

Ovid,  Trist.,  n,  142,  nube  solet  pulsa  candidus  ire  dies. 
Compar  ire. 

Incerti  (Baehrens,  P.   L.  M.,  v,  LX),  Euch.,  10,  Compar 

silicibus  nunc  hyacinthus  eat. 
Contrarium  ire. 

Lucan,  I,  78,  Fratri  contraria  Phoebe  ibit. 
Cassabundum  ire. 

Cn.  Naevius  (Ribbeck,  C.  F.),  Incert.  Fab.,  xm,  Risi  egomet 

mecum  cassabundum  ire  ebrium. 
Ebrium  ire. 

Sext.  Turp.  (Ribbeck,  C.  F.)  Thras.,  n,  nemo  unquam  vidit 

ebrium  interdiu. 
Leve  ire. 

Gratius  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  i),  Cyn.,  123,  ne  leve  vulnus  eat. 
Nudum  ire. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  n,  287,  ipse  deus  nudus  nudos  iubet  ire  minis- 

tros;  Mart.,  ix,  56,  6,  cp.  English  <go  naked.' 
Praeposterum  ire. 

Ovid,  Trist.,  I,  8,  5,  omnia  naturae  praepostera  legibus  ibunt. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  25 

Pulverulentum  ire. 

Mart.,  in,  5,  8,  est  illi  coniunx,  quae  te  manibusque  sinuque 

Excipiet,  tu  vel  pulverulentus  eas. 
Romanum  ire. 

Mart.,  x,  7,  7,  sic  et  cornibus  aureis  receptis  et  Romanus  eas 

ultraque  ripa. 
Securum  ire. 

Tib.,  in,  4,  54,  quae  tibi  secures  non  sinit  ire  dies;  Ovid, 

Trist.,  I,  1,  49;  Val.  Flac.,  IV,  201. 
Sinistrum  ire. 

Lucan,  in,  248,  umbras  mirati  nemorum  non  ire  sinistras. 
Tenue  ire. 

Carm.  Verg.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv,  201),  Hipp.,  31,  umbrae 
ibant  tenues,  odium  crudele  tyranni  saepe  queri  et  longas 
infletum  ducere  voces. 
Tutum  ire. 

Stat.  Silv.,  in,  1,  59,  et  tutas  sinit  ire  feras. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Amictum  ire. 

Macrob.,  in,  13,  4,  ut  bene  amictus  iret,  faciem  in  speculo 
quaerebat. 

c.    Adjectives  of  comparative  degree. 
A.    Venire. 
(1).    In  poetry. 

Aldus  venire. 

Stat.  Theb.,  iv,  38,  neque  enim  altior  ulli  meus  hausto  de 
ponte  venit ;  Liv.  Drac.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  v),  Carm. 
Prof.,  391,  cp.  Lucret.,  iv,  960,  fit  ratione  eadem  coniectus 
partim  animai  altior. 
Amplius  venire. 

Tib.,   iv,   1,  96,  sive  hac  sive   iliac  veniat  gravis  impetus 
hastae  Amplior. 


26  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

Candidius  venire. 

Tib.,  I,  7,  64,  candidior  semper  candidiorque  veni,  cp.  Cat., 
LXXX,  1,  quare  rosea  ista  labella  Hiberna  fiant  can- 
didiora  nive. 

Expeetatius  venire. 

Plaut.  Most.,  442,  3,  nimio  edepol  ille  potuit  expectatior 
venire. 

Languidius  venire. 

Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  iv,  10,  44,  at  notus  ad  verso  tepidum  qui 
spirat  ab  axe,  est  procul  et  rarus  languidiorque  venit. 

Lenius  venire. 

Hor.  Od.,  I,  19,  16,  mactata  veniet  lenior  hostia,  cp.  Hor. 
Epist.,  n,  2,  211,  Lenior  et  melior  fis. 

Mains  venire. 

Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  iv,  16,  3,  famaque  post  cineres  maior  venit; 
Phaed.,  I,  2,  31  ;  Lucan,  I,  635,  cp.  Ovid.  Trist.,  n, 
67,  non  tua  carminibus  maior  fit  gloria ;  n,  68,  ut  maior 
fiat. 

Melius  venire. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  VI,  246,  suscipit  et  melior  protinus  ilia  venit ; 
Stat.  Theb.,  in,  508;  Silv.,  v,  2,  164,  cp.  Ovid,  Ex  Pont., 
II,  11,  14,  admoniti  melior  fit  tamen  ilia  suo;  Hor.  Epist., 
n,  2,  211,  Lenior  et  melior  fis  accidente  senecta. 

Mitius  venire. 

Sen.  Phaed.,  437,  sed  tu  beatis  mitior  rebus  veni. 

Mollius  venire. 

Ovid,  Trist.,  iv,  5,  20,  dum  veniet  placido  mollior  aura  deo ; 
Fast.,  n,  148;  Ex  Pont.,  in,  3,  84;  cp.  Ex  Pont.,  I,  5, 
14,  sed  non  fit  fato  mollior  (versus)  ille  meo. 

Numerosius  venire. 

Mart.,  iv,  1,  3,  Longa,  precor,  Pylioque  veni  numerosior, 
aevo  semper  et  hoc  vultu  vel  meliore  mite. 

(2).    In  prose. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  27 

Iratius  venire. 

Cic.  Phil.,  in,  2,  4,  cum  multo  ncbis  omnibus  veniret  iratior, 

quam  illis  fuerat,  quos  trucidaverat. 
Maturing  venire. 

Liv.,  i,  46,  3,  ut  taedio  regnum   maturior   veniret   libertas. 
Note. — I  have  found  no  parallel  instances  with  fieri  to  these 
particular  adjectives,  but  one  might  compare  Cic.  Phil.,  ix,  14, 
sepulcra  sanctiora  fiunt  vetustate;  De  Sen.,  26  ;  Milo.,  65,  etc. 

d.  Adverbs. 
A.    Venire. 
(1).    In  poetry. 

Gravius  venire. 

Ovid,  Her.,  iv,  19,  venit  amor  gravius,  quo  serius. 
Satis  venire. 

Verg.  Aen.,  vn,  470,  se   satis   ambobus    Tucrisque  venire 
Latinisque,  cp.  Liv.,  xxi,  17,  6,  si  ad  arcendum  Italia 
Poenum  consul  alter  satis  est. 
Vilius  venire. 

Plaut.  Cure.,  243,  si  id  feceris,  venire  poteris  intestinis  vilius. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Carius  venire. 

Varro,  R.  R.,  in,  16,  23,  propter  quam  rem  etiam  carius  in 

sacra  via  quam  mel  venit. 
Gratius  venire. 

Sen.    De  Ben.,  I,  7,  2,    quae   danti   aut   extorquentur   aut 

excidiunt,  multoque  gratius  venit,  quod. 
Turpissime  venire. 

Plin.  Epist,    v,   9   (21),   6,  rem    pulcherrimam  turpissime 
venire  non  patitur. 

e.  Perfect  passive  participles. 
A.    Venire. 


28  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 

Actum  venire. 

Prop.,  iv,  7,  30,  ista  per  humanas  mors  venit  acta  manus ; 

IV,  5,  18. 
Adesum  venire. 

Mart.,  xni,  84,  1,  hie  scaurus,  aequoreis  qui  venit  adesns 

ab  undis. 
Captum  venire. 

Mart.,  iv,  66,  7,  Captus  flumineo  venit  de  gurgite  piscis. 
Coactum  venire. 

Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  n,  2,  120,  venit  et  ad  vires  ira  coacta  suas. 
Oonductum  venire. 

Plant.  Pseud.,  850,  quo  condnctus  venio  ;  Epid.,  500. 
Delapsum  venire. 

Ovid,  A.  A.,  I,  43,  haec  tibi  non  tenues  veniet  delapsa  per 
auras ;  Symp.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  Pluvia,  40.  Cp. 
Cic.  De  Fin.,  I,  19,  63,  quae  quasi  delapsa  de  caelo  est ; 
Ad  Quint.  Frt.,  1, 1,  2,  7,  aut  etiam  de  caelo  divinum  homi- 
num  esse  in  provinciam  delapsum  putent. 
Extensum  venire. 

Sil.  Ital.,  IV,  617,  et  laterum  extensus  venit  atra  cuspide 

vulnus. 
Exustutn  venire. 

Sil.   Ital.,  in,    269,    his   simul,  immitem  testantes  corpore 

solem,  Exusti  venere  Nubae. 
Generatum  venire. 

Sapientes  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  Euph.,  153,  11,  San- 
guine Sisyphio  generatus  venit  Ulixes. 
Inritatum  venire. 

Prop.,  1,  10,  25,  inritata  venit,  quando  coutemnitur  ilia. 
Laudatum  venire. 

Stat.  Silv.,  v,  1,  254,  si  quando  pio  laudata  marito  umbra  venit. 
Missum  venire. 

Lucret.,  VI,  425,  in  mare  qua  missi  veniant  ratione  superne ; 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  29 

Ovid,  Am.,  in,  6,  16;  Trist.,  in,  9,  3;  in,  14,  26;  Mart., 
x,  73,  7  ;  Ennius  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  vi),  Ann.,  343. 
Moratwm  venire. 

Plaut.  Aul.,  239,  dum  modo  morata  recte  veniat,  dotata  est  satis. 
Notatum  venire. 

Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  IV,  3,  26,  venisset  verbis  charta  notata  tribus. 
Oblatum  venire. 

Stat.  Silv.,  in,  3,  69,  Libertas  oblata  venit. 
Obortum  venire. 

Ovid,  A.  A.,  n,  88,  nox  oculis  pavido  venit  oborta  metu. 
Subductum  venire. 

Mart.,  xin,  36,  1,  haec  quae  Picenis  venit  subducta  trapetis. 
Tortum  venire. 

Ovid,  Her.,  iv,  158,  quod  veniant  proavi  fulmina  torta  manu. 
Vicfum  venire. 

Repos.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  De  Concub.,  78,  post  praelia 
victor  victus  amore  venit. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Accommodatum  venire. 

Boethius  (G.  V.),  Geomet.,  i,  1516,  traditionem  ....  Latio 

accommodatam  venire. 
Adactum  venire. 

Plin.  N.  H.,  vin,  7,  20,  pilum  autem  sub  oculo  adactum  in 

vitalia  capitis  venerat. 
Circumfusum  venire. 

Liv.,  n,  22,  6,  magna  circumfusa  multitudo  venit. 
Compulsum  venire. 

Cic.  Pro  Place.,  2,  3,  qui  hue  compulsi  concitatique  venerunt. 
Conductum  venire. 

Sen.  De.  Ben.,  iv,  25,  3,  ne  ad  res  honestas  conducta  veniat. 
Deditum  venire. 

Liv.,  vii,  27,  9,  sunt  qui  hanc  multitudinem  captivam 
servorum  fiiisse  scribant,  idque  magis  veri  simile  est  quam 
deditos  venisse. 


30  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

Expectatum  venire. 

Cic.  De  Dom.,  7,  16,  veni  expectatus ;  Ad  Fam.,  iv,  10,  1 ; 

Plaut.  Most.,  441. 
Imitatum  venire. 

Plin.    N.    H.,   xvi,   43    (84),    233,   testudo   in    hoc    secta, 
nuperque  portentosis  ingeniis  principatu  Neronis  inven- 
tum  ut  pigmentis  perderet  se  plurisque  veniret  imitata 
lignum. 
Missum  venire. 

Cic.  Ad  Fam.,  x,  31,  5,  nisi  qui  ad  senatu  missus  venisset. 
Volgatum  venire. 

Liv.,  ix,  2,  4,  iam  is  [et]   rumor  ante  de  industria  volgatus 
venerat  ad  Romanes. 

B.    Ire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 

Auctoratum  ire. 

Hor.  Sat.,  n,  7,  59,  quid  refert  usi  virgis  ferroque  necari 

auctoratus  eas. 
Congestum  ire. 

Sen.   Thyest.,    843,    ibit    in    unum    congesta    suum    turba 

deorum. 
Demissum  ire. 

Stat.  Silv.,  I,  1,  43,  it  tergo  demissa  chlamys. 
Exactum  ire. 

Prop.,  iv,  1,  8,  exactus  tenui  pumice  versus  eat. 
Obortum  ire. 

Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  n,  3,  90,  gutta  per  attonitas  ibat  oborta 

genas. 
Invectum  ire. 

Verg.  Culex,  341,   ne  quisquam  propriae  fortunae  nurnere 

dives  Iret  invectus  caelum  super. 
Nisum  ire. 

Sen.  Here.  Fur.,  1320,  hac  nisus  ibo. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  31 

Repulsum  ire.1 

Prop.,  n,  4, 12,  Saepe  repulsus  eas.    Cp.  Ovid,  Am.,  n,  9,  46. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Accitum  ire. 

Sail.  B.  lug.,   102,  3,  qui  quamquam    acciti    ibant,  tamen 
placuit  verba  apud  regem  facere. 

/.  Present  participles.2 
A.  Venire. 
(1).    In  poetry. 

Exoriens  venire. 

Prop.,  IV,  5,  27,  qua  (luna)  venit  exoriens. 
Fugiens  venire. 

Verg.  Culex,  111,  Delia  diva,  tuo,  quo  quondam  victa  furore 

venit  Nyctelium  fugiens  Cadmeis  Agave. 
Praeteriens  venire. 

Lucil.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  vi),  Sat.  xxix,  651,  hue,  alio  cum 

iter  haberet,  praeteriens  venit. 
Volans  venire. 

Lucret.,  vi,  742,  e  regione  ea  quod  loca  cum  venere  volantes ; 
vi,  833. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Maturans  venire. 

Sail.  B.  lug.  22,  1,  legati  in  Africam  maturantes  veniunt. 
Cp.  above. 

g.   Gei*undives? 

1Rothstein  (on  Prop.,  n,  4,  12)  thinks  eas=abeas,  and  perhaps  he  is  right. 

2  This  is  a  redundancy  common  to  Greek,  and  in  all  probability  was  borrowed 
from  Greek  by  the  Komans.  In  Greek,  this  construction  is  common  both  to 
poetry  and  to  prose.  Cp.  Eurip.  Or.,  1624  ;  Find.,  N.,  7  ;  Herod.,  1,  122  ;  Plat. 
Phaed.,  100  B.,  etc.,  etc.  Cp.  Kuhner-Blass,  Griech.  Gramm.,  n,  622. 

3Cp.  Stolz-Schmalz,  Lot.  Gramm.  (Miiller's  Handbuch  d.  Klass.  Alt.,  n8), 
§  166,  2,  Den  Passiven  entsprechend  werden  auch  intransitiv  gebrauchte  Verba 
Konstruiert,  so  bei  Plaut.  venio,  vgl.  Mil.  891,  quam  venit  vobis  faciundum 
utrumque. 


32  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

A.  Venire. 
(1).    In  poetry. 

Dolendum  venire. 

Ovid,  Her.,  v,  8,  qua  venit  indigno  poena,  dolenda  venit. 
Faciundum  venire. 

Plaut.  Mil.,  891,  quom  venit  vobis  faciundum  utrumque. 
Gestandum  venire. 

Sen.  Thyest,  7,  Sisyphi  numquid  lapis  Gestandus  umeris 

lubricus  nostris  venit. 
Locandum  venire. 

Ovid,  Am.,  I,  10,  30,  Sola  locat  noctes,  sola  locanda  venit. 
Videndum  venire. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  in,  794,  haec  ilia  nocte  videnda  venit. 
Vigilandum  venire. 

Tib.,  i,  2,  76,  cum  fletu  nox  vigilanda  venit;  Prop.,  iv,  15, 
2 ;  cp.  Tib.,  I,  8,  64,  est  mini  nox  multis  evigilanda  malis. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Gaudendum  venire. 

Sen.  Dial.,  II,  19,  2,  ex  quo  solo  sibi  gaudenda  veniant. 

h.    Future  participles.1 

Note: — The  supines  with  ire  might  well  belong  here,  but  as  a 
treatment  may  be  had  in  almost  any  grammar,2  there  is  no  reason 
for  inserting  them. 


1  Stolz-Schmalz,  o.  c.,  §  176. 

2Cp.  Stolz-Schmalz,  Lai.  Gramm.,  §  185-86  ;  Draeger,  Hist.  Syntax,  d.  lat.  Spr., 
ii,  857 ff.  ;  Kiihner,  Lat.  Gramm.,  n,  §  128. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  33 


CHAPTER  III. 

III.     WlTH    INANIMATE   SUBJECTS    THEREBY    PERSONIFIED. 

(1).    Present  and  future  participles.1 

a.  Present  participles.1 
A.    Venire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 

Fatum  venietis. 

Ovid,  Met.,  vn,  605,  ultroque  vocant  veuientia  fata;  Lucan, 

vn,  212. 
Uum  venieiw. 

Stat.  Theb.,  xn,  74,  venientia  qui  nunc  Gaudia. 
Fama  reniens. 

Verg.  Aen.,  vi,  889,  incenditque  animum  famae  venientis 
amore. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Aerwn  veniens. 

Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.,  vn,  30.  5,  multa  venientis  aevi  populus 
ignota  nobis  sciet. 

b.  Future  participles. 
A.  Venire. 

(1).    In  poetry. 

1  Die  Partizipien  werden  attributiv  gebraucht  und  zwar  das  Part.  Praes.  Act.  und 
Perf.  Pass,  in  der  ganzen  LatinitaU  Die  attributiv  Verwendung  des  Part.  Fut 
Act.  ist  im  Altlatein  noch  nicht  bekannt  (denn  das  Ennius  urbs  peritura  gesagt 
hat,  wie  Stacv  in  AVolfflin's  Archiv.  x.  41  will,  ist  Kaum  glaublich,  etc,,  etc.)  ; 
cp.  Stalz-Schmalz,  o.  c.  §  176. 

'For  this  construction  in  Greek,  cp.  Kuhner-Blass.,  Gricck.  Grctrnwi,,  n,  623. 


34  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

Aeium  vfnturum. 

Verg.  Aen.,  vin,  627,  haut  vatum  ignarus  venturique  inscius 

aevi :  cp.  Ovid,  Her.,  iv,  130,  aevo  moritura  future. 
Amor  venturus. 

Stat.  Theb.,  I,  472,  et  has  venturus  amor  praemiserit  iras. 
Annus  venturus. 

Stat.  Silv.,  in,  3,  38,  venturosque  tuus  durabit  in  annos. 
Bellum  venturum. 

Verg.  Aen.,  in,  458,  Venturaque  bella;  ix,  643.    Cp.  Cic. 
Lael.,  3,  11,  qui  ....  non  modo  praesentia,  verum  etiam 
futura  bella  delevit. 
Casus  venturus. 

Lucan,  vn,  151,  non  tamen  abstinuit  ventures  prodere  casus 

Per  varias  fortuna  notas. 
Clades  ventura. 

Lucan,  n,  6,  noscant  venturas  ut  dira  per  omnia  clades. 
Coniunx  ventura. 

Prop.,  IV,  22,   42,  hie   ampla    nepotum    spes   et   venturae 

coniugis  aptus  amor. 
Dies  ventura. 

Liv.   Dracont.   (Baehrens,    P.  L.  M.,  v),  Med.    476,    post 

noctem  ventura  dies. 
Dolor  venturus. 

Ovid,  Her.,  xvin,  107,  nee,  quia  venturi  dederis  mihi  signa 

doloris. 
Fames  ventura. 

Lucan,  v,  450,  gravis  hinc  languore  profundi  Obsessis  ven- 
tura fames. 
Fatum  venturum. 

Ovid,  Met.,  xv,  557,  oraque  Venturis  aperire  recentia  fatis; 
xv,  799;  Lucan,  iv,  474;    vi,  591  ;    Cato  (Baehrens,  P. 
L.  M.,  in),  Disticha,  iv,  22.     Cp.  Verg.  Aen.,  n,  246, 
Tune  etiam  fatis  aperit  Cassandra  futuris  ora. 
Fulmen  venturum. 

Stat.  Silv,,  in,  3,  158,  et  venturi  fulmmis  ictus. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  35 

Gaudium  venturum. 

Stat.  Achil.,  i,  267,  et  ventura  iuventae  Gaudia. 
Hiems  ventura. 

Verg.   Geo.,   IV,    156,   venturaeque  hiemis  memores ;  Stat. 

Theb.,  i,  347. 
luventa  ventura. 

Stat.  Silv.,  n,  1,  52,  O  ubi   venturae  spes  non  longinqua 

iuventae. 
Kalendae  venturae. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  i,  705,  at  quae  venturas  praecedit  sexta  Kalendas. 
Letum  venturum. 

Ovid,  Met.,  xin,  162,  praescia  venturi  genetrix  Nereia  leti 

dissimulat  cultu  natum. 
Luctus  venturus. 

Ovid,  Met.,  v,  549,  venturi  nuntia  luctus. 
Lux  ventura. 

Prop.,  v,  4,  63,  et  iam  quarta  canit  venturam  Lucina  lucem  ; 

Verg.  Moreturu,  4  ;  Lucan,  iv,  125. 
Malum  venturum. 

Prop.,  i,  9,  18,  haec  est  venturi  prima  favilla  mali,  cp.  Cic. 

Tusc.,  in,  15,  32,  futuri  mali;  iv,  6,  11 ;  iv,  30,  64. 
Mons  venturus. 

Sen.  Tbyest.,  76,  iamque  venturi  times  montis  riiinam. 
Mors  ventura. 

Lucan,  vn,  130,  multorum  pallor  in  ore  mortis  venturae. 
Nepos  venturus. 

Ovid,  Met.,  xv,  835,  in  que  futuri  temporis  aetatem  venturo- 

rumque  nepotum. 
Nonae  venturae. 

Ovid,  Fast.,  I,  311,  ergo  ubi  nox  aderit  Venturis  tertia  nonis. 
Propago  ventura. 

Stat.  Silv.,  iv,  4,  81,  credetne  virum  ventura  propago. 
Ruina  ventura. 

Ovid,  Ex  Pont.,  in,  2,  11,  cuinque  dedit  paries  venturae  signa 
ruinae. 


36  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

Saeclum  venturum. 

Verg.  Eel.,  IV,  52,  venture  laetentur  ut  omnia  saeclo  ;  Aen., 
in,  458;  Geo.,  IV,  156;  Val.  Flac.,  vi,  103,  cp.  Verg. 
Cat.,  vi,  15,  saeclis  futuris;  Cic.  Tusc.,  i,  15,  33  ;  Vulg. 
Marc.,  13,  8,  saeculum  futurum. 
Senecta  ventura. 

Prop.,  v,  11,  93,  discite  venturam  iam  nunc  lenire  senectam ; 

Ovid,  A.  A.,  in,  59. 
Timor  ventura. 

Stat.  Theb.,  x,  563,  consumpsit  ventura  timor. 
Vices  venturae. 

Stat.  Theb.,  IV,  620,  sanguine  venturasque  vices. 
Vita  ventura. 

Lucan,  iv,  481,  incerto  venturae  tempore  vitae,  cp.  Cic.  De 
Fin.,  v,  19,  53,  philosophi  fingunt   qualis  futura  sit  vita 
sapientium ;  Vulg.  Coloss.,  3,  3,  saepius  vero   dicitur  de 
vita,  quae  est  supra  naturam,  tarn  praesens  quam  futura. 
Venturus. 

Verg.  Aen.,  vi,  66,  tuque,  O  sanctissima  vates,  praescia 
venturi ;  Geo.,  iv,  393  ;  Ovid,  Met.,  vi,  156 ;  ix,  418  ; 
Calp.  Sic.,  r,  34 ;  Lucan,  V,  732  ;  vn,  20  :  Sen.  Here. 
Fur.,  872  ;  Stat.  Theb.,  HI,  626 ;  iv,  628 ;  Carm.  Verg. 
(Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  Hipp.,  129.  cp.  Liv.,  vi,  12,  in 
futurum  vident ;  Cic.  De  Rep.,  4,  2,  atque  ipsa  mens,  quae 
futura  videt ;  Stat.  Silv.,  iv,  3,  132 ,  Verg.  Aen.,  iv,  508  ; 
VI,  12. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Bonum  venturum. 

Cic.  Tusc.,  iv,  7,  14,  lubido  (est)  opinio  venturi  boni;  cp.  De 
Fin.,  I,  18,  60,  futura  (bona)  ;  Tusc.,  iv,  6,  11,  bonorum 
futurorum. 
Imber  venturus. 

Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.,  11,  27,  2,  ideo  huius  modi  tonitrua  ven- 
turi praenuntia  imbris  sunt. 


Some  Figurative  V sages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  37 

Malum  venturum. 

Sen.  Dial.,  i,  4,  7,  molles  Venturis  mails  servat ;  Epist.,  n,  1, 
(13),  8  ;  cp.  Cic.  Tusc.,  in,  14,  29,  futurorum  malorum  ; 
m,  15,  32  ;  iv,  6,  11 ;  iv,  30,  64. 

Occasus  venturus. 

Sen.  De  Ben.,  in,  33,  3,  occasusque  veuturi  defensor. 

Supplicium  venturum. 

Sen.  De  Ben.,  u,  5,  3,  quod  antecedit  tempus  maxima  ven- 

turi  supplicii  pars  est. 
Venturus. 

Plin.  N.  H.,  u,  53  (54),  141,  profecit  scientia  ut  ventura 
alia  finite  die  praecinat ;  Sen.  Epist.,  I,  5,  9,  nos  et  ven- 
ture torquemur  et  praeterito ;  m,  6  (27),  2 ;  iv,  1  (30), 
8  ;  (vin-xm),  72,  8  ;  (vm-xm),  78,  12;  xvi,  3  (98), 
6  ;  xx,  7  (124),  17. 
Note. — For  parallels  here,  cp.  above. 

(2).    Other  parts  of  venire  and  ire. 
A.    Venire. 
(1).    In  poetry. 

Capillum  venire. 

Ovid,  A.  A.,  n,  118,  et  tibi  iam  venient  cani,  formose,  capilli 

lam  venient  rugae. 
Fastidium  venire. 

Ovid,    A.    A.,    n,    323,    nee   tibi    morosi    veniant   fastidia 

morbi. 
Fiduciam  venire. 

Ovid,  A.  A.,  i,  269,  prima  tuae  menti  veniat  fiducia,  cunctas 

Posse  capi. 
Finem  venire. 

Sil.  Ital.,  xvn,  47,  Finem  armis  tandem  finemque  venire 

periclis. 
Fur  or  em  venire. 

Sen.  Agam.,  1012,  veniet  et  vobis  furor. 


38  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

Honorem  venire. 

Hor.  A.  P.,  401,  sic  honor  et  nomen  divinis  vatibus  atque 
carminibus  venit;  Ovid,  A.  A.,  n,  278. 

lacturam  venire. 

Ovid,  Am.,  I,  14,  15,  nulla  Sophocleo  veniet  iactura  cothurno. 

Mortem  venire. 

Tib.,  n,  4,  43,  seii  veniet  tibi  mors. 

Oblivium  venire. 

Ovid,  Trist.,  v,  12,  17,  ut  veniant  patriae,  veniant  oblivia 
vestri;  Ex  Pont,  n,  4,  29;  n,  11,  5;  Stat.  Theb., 
V,  450. 

Quietem  venire. 

Sen.  Troad.,  440,  ignota  tandem  venit  afflictae  quies;  995. 

Usum  venire. 

Plaut.  Stich.,  475,  quando  usus  veniet,  fiet ;  Poen.,  727 ;  Mil. 
Glor.,  3;  Merc.,  518;  Epid.,  535 ;  Cist.,  147 ;  Bacch., 
363;  Ter.  Heaut,  555  ;  Phorm.,  73;  505;  Adelph.,  895; 
Cat.,  98,  3  ;  Ovid,  Met.,  vi,  29. 

(2).    In  prose. 

Amorem  venire. 

Tac.  Ann.,  xiv,  52,  postquam  Neroni  amor  eorum  venisset. 

Fiduciam  venire. 

Quint.  Decl.,  CCLXIX,  illud  certe  manifestum  est,  hinc,  tibi 
venire  fiduciam  negandi. 

Finem  venire. 

Liv.,  II,  45,  10,  finemque  venisse  Romano  imperio. 

Usum  venire. 

Cato.  De  Agric.,  iv,  1,  si  quid  bona  salute  usus  venerit, 
benigne  dependent;  oil,  1;  CLVII,  10;  Orig.,  iv,  7; 
Gell.,  m,  7,  18;  vi  (vn),  17,  4  ;  xiv,  7,  4;  xvn,  9,  9  ; 
Varro,  (C.  I.  A.,  i,  125),  Frg.  4. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  39 

B.    Ire. 

Decus  ire. 

Sil.  Ital.,  vii,  209,  it  monti  decus. 
Honorem  ire. 

Val.  Flac.,  IV,  217,  mox  omnibus  idem  ibit  honor. 

Inquietam  ire. 

Petron.  (Baehrens,  P.  L.  M.,  iv),  De  Bello,  108,  4,  et  unde 
vento  ibat  fluctibus  inquieta  summis. 


40  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 


CONCLUSION. 

In  order  to  make  my  conclusion  as  complete  and  at  the  same 
time  as  clear  and  precise  as  possible,  it  may  be  best  to  again  take 
up  the  subject  by  categories,  noting  under  each  head  the  deduction 
warranted. 

Within  the  sphere  of  the  constructions  which  I  have  examined, 
the  extension  of  the  verb  of  motion  beyond  its  ordinary  normal 
usage  is  always  for  the  purpose  of  expressing  continuance  or  more 
frequently  approach  or  attainment  as  regards  a  given  action 
or  state.  Hence  we  see  that  although  we  may  say  that  venire  or 
ire  is  equivalent  to  esse  or  fieri,  the  native  meaning  of  the  verb  is 
still  felt  in  one  way  or  another,  though,  in  some  cases,  it  is  not 
apparent  to  the  native  consciousness. 

I.    With  ease  -f-  a  preposition. 

The  most  important,  at  all  events,  the  most  common  of  these 
constructions  is  that  in  which  the  verb  of  motion,  generally  used 
in  a  more  or  less  figurative  sense,  is  associated  with  a  noun  governed 
by  ad  or  in. 

In  the  large  majority  of  cases  the  phrase  thus  formed  is  practi- 
cally equivalent  to  the  simple  verb  suggested  by  the  meaning  of 
the  noun  plus  the  emphasis  or  attainment  which  is  furnished  by 
the  verb  of  motion  and  the  preposition.  The  equivalent,  or  nearly 
equivalent,  construction  is  almost  always  fieri  with  a  predicate. 

Thus  venire  in  servitutem  —  servum  fieri  (less  nearly  servire  or 
servum  esse).  Sometimes  the  constructions  are  still  found  side  by 
side.1 

(a).    With  ad  -f  ace. 

This  usage  is  very  rare  in  poetry :  but  there  are  two  instances 
that  may  have  been  borrowed  from  the  prose  writers,  judging 

1  In  order  to  make  a  comparison  here,  it  would  be  necessary  to  go  over  the  entire 
sphere  again.  Such  cases  as  I  have  been  able  to  find  through  the  aid  of  the  indices 
and  dictionaries  I  have  noted,  otherwise  I  shall  reserve  this  for  future  study. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  .  41 

from  its  frequency  there.  Here  Venire  seems  to  mean  to  reach  the 
point  of,  generally  of  passing  from  one  state  to  another  and  hence 
almost  to  become. 

In  prose  the  sphere  is  very  much  more  extended.  Here,  too,  the 
matter  of  department  plays  an  important  role ;  some  phrases  here 
are  military ;  cp.  ad  deditionem  venire,  Caes,  B.  H.,  36,  4 ;  Liv., 
XL,  39,  etc.;  while  others  appear  to  be  popular;  cp.  ad  contro- 
versiam  venire  ;  Sen.,  De  Rhet.,  1  ;  ad  satisfactionem  venire ;  Quint. 
Decl.,  CLIV,  etc.,  etc. 

The  meaning  is  the  same  as  noted  above.  In  fact  a  parallel 
usage  with  fieri  is  found,  cp.  Liv.,  XLIV,  25,  ubi  ad  pecuniae 
mentionem  venturn  erat,  and  luv.,  I,  508,  nee  meutio  fiet 
damnorum. 

(b).    With  in  -f  ace. 

Like  the  above,  this  usage  is  rare  in  poetry,  and  even  those 
cases  found  there  seem  to  have  been  borrowed  from  the  prose 
writers,  judging  from  the  number  of  parallel  instances  found. 
Cp.  In  buccam  venire,  Mart.,  xn,  24,  5 ;  Cic.  Ad  Att.,  vn,  x,  1 ; 
In  certamen  venire,  Ovid.  Ex  Pont.,  n,  2,  87 ;  Cic.  De  Fin.,  v, 
24,  71.  (In  prose  the  sphere  is  broad,  extending  from  Csesar  to 
Suetonius). 

Ovid  furnishes  most  of  the  examples  from  the  poets,  and  this 
may  be  accounted  for  by  his  style  of  writing  which  is  pregnant 
with  variety  of  expression  as  wrell  as  construction.  In  prose  the 
sphere  is  broad,  in  fact  the  construction  occurs  throughout  the 
sphere  which  I  have  examined.  Instances  are  more  frequent 
with  venire  than  with  ire,  and,  to  anticipate,  we  shall  find  this 
true  of  the  majority  of  categories  taken  up. 

Here  again  we  find  the  matter  of  departmental  usage.  For  the 
military  sphere,  compare  such  phrases  as  venire  in  amicitiam, 
conspectum,  deditionem,  fidem,  manum,  potestatem,  etc.;  for  the 
legal  sphere,  such  phrases  as  venire  in  contentionem,  controversiam, 
discrimen,  etc.,  etc. ;  ire  in  diplum,  sententiam,  which  phrases  are 
probably  popular.  Compare  also  for  this  sphere  venire  in  buccam, 
aestimationem,  desperationem.  Many  of  the  unique  phrases  found 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

here  are  also  probably  popular.     So  it  appears  that  this  construc- 
tion, like  the  one  above,  is  very  largely  departmental. 

(c).    With  iuxta  -\-  ace. 

There  is  but  one  instance  of  such  a  construction  (i.  e.  Tac. 
Ann.,  vi,  13,  iuxta  seditionem  ventum).  This  phrase  appears  to 
be  military. 

(d).    With  prope  -f  ace. 

Three  cases  occur,  two  in  Livy  and  one  in  Tacitus;  there  is 
apparently  no  difference  in  meaning  from  the  phrase  above.  Cp. 
Prope  secessionem  venit,  Liv.,  VI,  42,  10 ;  prope  seditionem 
veniret,  Liv.,  xxvi,  48,  8  ;  Tac.  Hist.,  in,  21. 

(e).    With  adversus,  contra,  in,  =  against. 

Such  phrases,  save  with  contra,  are  rare.  Venire  -f  contra  is 
prosaic,  but  one  case  occurring  in  poetry  (Stat.  Theb.,  x,  3,  54) ; 
while  ire  -f  contra  is  poetic,  but  one  case  occurring  in  prose 
(Sail.  B.  lug.,  31,  6). 

For  the  other  prepositions  see  the  body  of  dissertation  for 
citations. 

(f).    With  eo,  hue  -j-  gen. 

This  construction  is  very  rare.  It  is  found  only  with  venire. 
Venire  is  found  with  eo  -\-gen,  Sail.  B.  lug.,  14,  3 ;  Tac.  Hist.,  I, 
16  ;  Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.,  4,  9  (Praef.)  ;  with  hue  -\-  gen.,  Tac.  Ann., 
VI,  24. 

Here  eo,  hue  appear  to  express  degree,  cf.  Tac.  Hist.,  1,  16, 
eoque  discordiae  ventum  =  come  to  such  a  degree  of  discord,  become 
so  discordant.  For  Greek  see  the  body  of  this  dissertation. 

2.     Without  a  preposition. 

With  the  exception  of  usu  venire,  this  usage  is  rare.  Here  the 
verb  of  motion  is  used  with  the  ablative  of  circumstance,  cf.  Weis- 
senborn— Muller's  note  on  Liv.,  xxv,  4,  7.  Usu  venire  is  the 
classic  form.  The  post-classic  is  usu  evenire,  cf.  Claud.  Mam.,  33, 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  43 

157,  non  saepe  usu  evenit  =  man  meide  es.     Usu  here  is  ablative 
as  pessimo  exemplo,  Liv.,  XLII,  8.1 

This  usage  is  prosaic,  save  one  case  with  ire  (Ovid.  Trist.,  v,  3, 
27).  The  sphere  of  usu  venire  is  very  broad,  extending  all  the 
way  from  Csesar  to  Gellius.  It  is  a  stock  phrase  and  very  probably 
popular.  Excepting  usu  venire,  the  only  phrases  found  are,  pessi- 
mo exemplo  venisse,  Liv.,  XLII,  8,  odio  venire ,  Plin.  N.  H.,  xxvm, 
8  (27),  106,  exemplis  ire,  Ovid.  TrisL,  v,  3,  27. 

II.     With  predicate  nominative  or  accusative.2 

Here  the  verb  of  motion  seems  to  approach  more  or  less  closely 
the  simple  copula  esse  or  what  has  very  little  difference  in  meaning, 
i.  e.,  fieri.  In  some  cases  a  parallel  usage  with  fieri  is  recorded, 
cp.  Ovid,  Rem.  Am.,  322,  haec  odio  venit  maxima  causa  meo ; 
Mart.,  vii,  45,  8,  luxuriae  net  tarn  bona  causa  meae. 

(a).    Nouns. 

The  verb  of  motion  is  used  with  nouns  in  the  predicative  sense, 
and  here  loses  color  and  becomes  nearly  equivalent  to  esse  or  fieri. 
The  noun,  however,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases  seems  to  be  per- 
sonified, and  herein  lies  the  main  difference  between  the  noun 
construction  and  the  corresponding  adjectival  or  participial  con- 
struction, cp.  Ovid,  Rem.  Am.,  322,  haec  odio  venit  maxima  causa 
meo ;  Yerg.  Geo.,  129,  an  deus  immensi  venias  maris ;  Ovid, 
Trist.,  iv,  10,  18,  tu  medicina  venis ;  Cic.  De  Nat.  Deo.,  i,  7,  17, 

JCp.  Krebs,  Antibarb.  d.  lat.  Spr.,  n,  481,  Gildersleeve-Lodge,  Lat.  Gramm., 
§  553,  3.  Stolz-Schmalz,  Lat.  Gramm.,  §  327. 

2  The  classification  of  examples  under  II,  is  for  several  reasons,  a  very  difficult 
matter  to  handle.  In  some  cases,  venire  is  literal.  The  chief  value  and  interest 
therefore,  of  such  examples  as  these,  is  to  show  the  fondness  of  Latin  for  using  a 
predicate  noun,  adjective,  or  participle,  as  a  shortened  method  of  expression  in- 
stead of  a  dependent  clause,  cp.  such  expressions  as  expectatus  veniam  familiaribus, 
Plaut.  Most.,  441,  cp.  Stolz-Schmalz,  o.  c.,  §  180. 

The  difficulty  of  classification  is  largely  caused  by  this  category,  since  the  syn- 
tactical relation  is  the  same  in  all  cases,  and,  therefore,  every  individual  example 
demands  examination.  The  tests  to  be  applied  call  for  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  language.  Here,  however,  I  have  grouped  the  cases  in  which  it  seems  to  me 
that  the  verb  of  motion  has  undergone  some  modification  in  meaning  or  use. 


44  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

sed  tibi  hie  venit  adiutor  ;  Sen.  Dial.,  iv,  7,  3,  alius  delator  venit 
eius  criminis. 

For  some  examples  of  ire,  cp.  Tib.,  i,  4,  41,  neu  comes  ire 
neges;  Stat.  Theb.,  ix,  516,  pelagi  ibit  Praeda  feris;  Tae.  Hist., 
1,  65,  irent  ultores. 

This  usage  is  poetic,  though  a  few  examples  are  found  scattered 
among  the  prose  writers ;  cases  are  more  abundant  with  venire 
than  with  ire. 

(b).    Adjectives. 

This  usage  is  also  poetic  where  examples  are  abundant.  Here 
too  venire  has  the  better  of  ire.  In  prose  most  of  the  examples 
of  venire  occur  in  Cicero  and  Livy.  There  is  but  one  prose 
example  of  ire,  i.  e.,  Macrob.,  in,  13,  4. 

For  a  few  citations,  cp.  Stat.  Theb.,  xi,  686,  veniat  cupidus 
parere  satelles ;  luv.,  vn,  29,  ut  dignus  venias  hederis  ;  Plaut. 
Most.,  44;  credo  expectatus  veniam  familiaribus ;  Cic.  Gael.,  4, 
10,  illi  ne  advocatus  quidem  venit  umquam  ;  Liv.,  Ill,  2,  10, 
longam  venire  noctem  ratus. 

Ovid,  Trist.,  n,  141,  nube  solet  pulsa  candidus  ire  dies.  Ovid, 
Fast.,  n,  287,  ipse  deus  nudus  nudos  iubet  ire  ministros ;  Mart., 
x,  7,  7,  sic  et  cornibus  aureis  receptis  Et  Romanes  eas  ultraque 
ripa;  Macrob.,  in,  13,  4,  ut  bene  amictus  iret,  faciem  in  speculo 
querebat. 

(c).    Adjectives  of  the  comparative  degree. 

I  find  no  examples  of  ire  here.  With  venire  the  construction  is 
poetic,  though  a  few  cases  are  found  in  Cicero  and  Livy.  Here 
venire  approaches  very  closely  fieri  as  can  be  easily  seen  from  the 
number  of  parallel  instances.  To  cite  a  few  by  way  of  example  : — 
Lucan,  1,  635,  sed  venient  maior  metu ;  Ovid,  Trist.,  n,  67,  non 
tua  carminibus  maiora  fit  gloria ;  Tib.,  I,  7,  64,  candidior  semper 
candidiorque  veni;  Cat.,  LXXX,  1,  quare  rosea  ista  labella  Hiberna 
fiant  candidiora  nive,  etc.,  etc. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  45 

(d).    Adverbs. 

The  meaning  of  venire  appears  to  be  the  same  as  in  the  category 
above,  though  we  should  hardly  expect  to  find  any  parallel  cases 
with  fieri  here.  Ire  does  not  occur  in  this  construction.  Examples 
are  rare  both  in  poetry  and  in  prose,  cp.  Ovid,  Her.,  iv,  19,  venit 
amor  gravius,  quo  serius;  Varro,  E.  R.,  in,  16,  23,  propter  quam 
rem  etiam  carius  in  sacra  via  quam  mel  venit. 

(e).    Perfect  passive  participles. 

Here  the  verb  of  motion  appears  to  have  little,  if  any  more  force 
than  esse,  cp.  Prop.,  IV,  7,  30,  ista  per  humanas  mors  venit  acta 
manus,  this  death  was  brought  about  by  human  hands.  This 
seems  to  be  another  way  of  forming  the  Latin  passive.  Personifi- 
cation, also,  seems  to  bring  this  about.  Examples  of  this  usage 
may  be  found  scattered  through  both  prose  and  poetry,  though 
there  are  fewer  instances  in  prose.  Here,  again  venire  has  the 
better  of  ire.  Ire  does  not  seem  to  lend  itself  so  readily  to  this 
usage.  But  one  case  of  ire  in  prose. 

For  a  few  citations,  cp.  Prop.,  IV,  7,  30,  ista  per  humanas 
mors  venit  acta  manus ;  Mart.,  IV,  66,  7,  captus  flumine  venit 
de  gurgite  piscis  ;  Plin.  N.  H.,  vin,  7,  20,  pilum  autem  sub  oculo 
adactum  in  vitalia  capitis  venerat ;  Cic.  Pro.  Flacc.,  2,  3,  qui  hue 
compulsi  concitatique  venerunt. 

Sen.  Thyest.,  843,  ibit  in  unum  Congesta  sinum  turba  deorum  ; 
Prop.,  iv,  1,  8,  exactus  tenui  pumice  versus  eat;  Sail.  B.  lurg., 
102,  3,  qui  quamquam  acciti  ibant. 

(f ).    Present  participles. 

Sometimes  the  verb  of  motion  plus  the  present  participle  is 
almost,  if  not  equivalent  to  the  simple  verb  expressed  by  the  two. 
Cp.  Lucil.  Sat.,  xxiv,  651  (Baehrens),  praeteriens  venit  —  praeteriti. 

This  usage  is  poetic  and  rare.  Prose  furnishes  one  example. 
I  find  no  example  of  ire  under  this  category.  The  Greeks  were 
fond  of  this  redundancy,  and  the  Romans  very  probably  borrowed 
it  from  them.  Cp.  Kiihner-Blass,  Griech.  Gramm.,  n,  622,  ff. 


46  Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire. 

(g).    Gerundives. 

Venire,  which  is  the  only  verb  so  used,  is  practically  equal  to 
esse  here.  Cp.  Plaut.  Most.,  891,  quam  venit  vobis  faciundum 
utrumque  ;  cp.  Stolz-Schnialz,  o.  c.,  §  166.-2.  This  usage  is  rare 
and  poetic,  but  one  case  occurring  in  prose.  It  can  be  seen  in 
Italian  where  the  present  participle  grows  directly  out  of  the 
Latin  gerundive.  For  a  few  examples,  cp.  Ovid,  Fast.,  in,  794, 
haec  ilia  nocte  videnda  venit;  Tib.,  I,  2,  76,  cum  fletu  nox 
vigilanda  venit,  etc.,  etc. 

(h).    Future  participles. 

This  usage  occurs  only  with  ire,  and  even  here  it  is  limited  to 
one  verb,  i.  e.,  reddere,  cp.  Mart.,  n,  5,  4,  cum  rediturus  earn ; 
Sen.  Here.  Oct.,  1766. 

III.     With  inanimate  subjects  thereby  personified. 
(a).    Present  and  future  participles. 

Of  the  verbs  which  I  have  examined,  venire  is  the  only  one  so 
used.  This  attributive ]  use  is  very  common  with  the  future  part., 
but  rare  with  the  present. 

(1).    Present  participles.2 

There  are  only  five  examples ;  four  from  the  poets  and  one 
from  the  prose  writers.  Here  veniens  approaches  futurus  in  mean- 
ing, but  not  so  closely  as  does  venturus  with  which  I  have  found 
many  parallels  of  futurus.  With  the  present  participle  the  time 
expressed  seems  nearer  the  present.  For  examples,  cp.  Ovid, 
Met.,  vn,  605,  venientia  fata;  Stat.  Theb.,  xn,  74,  venientia 
gaudia ;  Senec.  Nat.  Quaest.,  vn,  30,  5,  venientis  aevi. 

(2).    Future  participles. 

Here  venturus  practically  =  futurus. 

xCp.  Stolz-Schmalz,  o.  c.,  §  176. 

3  For  this  construction  in  Greek,  cp.  Kiihner-Blass,  Griech.  Gramm.,  n,  623. 


Some  Figurative  Usages  of  Venire  and  Ire.  47 

This  usage  is  found  both  in  poetiy  and  in  prose.  Though  poetry- 
has  the  better  of  prose,  where  Cicero,  Seneca,  and  Pliny  furnish 
the  examples,  cp.  Verg.  Aen.,  vin,  627,  venturi  aevi ;  Ovid,  Her., 
IV,  130,  aevo  futuro  ;  Ovid,  Met.,  xv,  557,  Venturis  fatis ;  Verg. 
Aen.,  vi,  66,  praescia  venturi;  Cic.  Tusc.,  iv,  7,  14,  veuturi  boni ; 
IV,  6,  11,  bonorum  futurorum. 

(b).    Other  parts  of  the  Verb. 

The  construction  here  is  noun  -}-  verb  +  dative.  It  is  poetic 
and  while  it  does  occur  in  prose,  its  use  is  very  limited,  at  least 
in  classic  prose.  The  sphere  broadens  later.  Here  the  prose 
writers  very  probably  borrowed  from  the  poets  and  a  very 
strong  element  of  personification  can  be  noticed.  The  meaning 
is  practically  equivalent  to  the  simple  verb  suggested  by  the 
meaning  of  the  noun  plus  the  emphasis  or  attainment  which  is 
furnished  by  the  verb  of  motion.  There  are  but  three  examples 
of  ire,  and  every  one  from  the  poets.  For  citations,  cp.  Ovid, 
A.  A.,  u,  118,  et  tibi  earn  venient  cani  capilli ;  Sil.  Ital.,  xvn, 
47,  finem  armis  tandem  fineinque  venire  periclis ;  Liv.,  n,  45, 
10,  finemque  venisse  Romano  imperio  ;  Sil.  Ital.,  vn,  209,  it 
monti  decus ;  Yal.  Flacc.,  iv,  217,  mox  omnibus  idem  ibit  honos. 

From  a  general  review  of  the  whole  matter,  the  first  thing  we 
notice  is  that  venire  seems  to  lend  itself  to  figurative  usages  much 
more  readily  than  ire.  While  ire  plays  its  part  in  most  of  the 
categories,  its  part  is  usually  a  minor  one. 

These  figurative  usages  seems  on  the  whole,  to  be  depart- 
mental in  so  far  as  prose  is  concerned :  in  poetry  they  appear  as 
stock  phrases.  There  seems  to  be  no  general  growth  in  one  way 
or  the  other,  so  far  as  Classic  Latinity  is  concerned. 

Certain  stock  expressions  were  employed  by  the  early  writers, 
and  these  were  taken  up  together  with  new  coinages  and  carried 
on  throughout  Classic  Latinity. 

Judging  from  the  frequency  of  such  usages  in  Romance,  it  is 
clearly  evident  that  these  figurative  usages  must  have  grown  in 
late  Latin  to  a  considerable  extent.  This  period,  however,  still 
remains  to  be  covered. 


UNIVERSITY 


LIFE. 

I  was  born  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on  November  15th, 
1878,  and  lived  there  until  September,  1885,  when  my  parents 
moved  to  Summerville. 

I  entered  the  Charleston  High  School,  October,  1892,  and 
completed  my  course  there  in  June,  1896,  having  won  a  free 
scholarship  through  the  College  of  Charleston. 

In  October,  1896,  I  entered  the  Freshman  Class  at  the  College 
of  Charleston,  where  I  took  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  in  1900. 
I  then  came  to  Baltimore,  where  I  attended  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  for  four  years,  studying  under  Prof.  Kirby  Flower 
Smith,  Prof.  Maurice  Bloomfield,  and  Prof.  Basil  Lanneau  Gilder- 
sleeve.  I  held  the  University  Scholarship  in  Latin  for  the  terms 
1901-02,  1903-04. 

I  wish  to  express  my  gratitude  first  to  Professor  Kirby  Flower 
Smith,  who  has  been  my  faithful  guide  and  director,  and  who  has 
been  very  kind  in  giving  me  much  necessary  assistance  on  my 
Dissertation.  Then  I  wish  to  thank  Dr.  H.  L.  Wilson  for  his 
kindly  help  throughout  my  attendance  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University. 


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